,LIFE ,SCI;E ,TACTILE ,GRAPHICS

            ,T1*]'S ,GUIDE

,,UEB LOGO



















                                    #A
,FR$ ,OTTO1 ,AU?OR & ,PROJECT       #A
,CO-,L1D]
,ROSANNE ,H(FMANN1 ,PROJECT ,CO-,L1D]
,KA!R9E ,CORCORAN1 ,MODEL_/,PATT]N
,MAK]
,TOM ,POPPE1 ,TOOL+ ,ADVISOR
,DAVID ,MC,GEE1 ,TE*NICAL ,ASSI/ANT

,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE = ! ,BL
#AHCI ,FRANK=T ,AV5UE
,P4,O4 ,BOX #FJHE
,L\ISVILLE1 ,K5TUCKY #DJBJF-#JJHE

,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE LOGO
^C #BJAJ
^C #BJBD

------------------------------------#B
,! PROJECT L1D]S ?ANK ! FOLL[+ T1*]S =
_! "T1 ATT5;N1 & CR1TIVE COM;TS 9
FIELD EVALUAT+ .7,LIFE ,SCI;E ,TACTILE
,GRAPHICS3.'

,D5ISE ,ADELMANN1 ,PE7Y ,B]GMAN1 ,TR9A
,BRIT*]1 ,%>ON ,CL>K1 ,KATIE
,CULB]TSON1 ,B>B>A ,FR5*1 ,LIS     A#B
,GEO<EGAN1 ,M]IDI? ,HOIS+TON1 ,C9DY
,MILL]1 ,FAYE ,RAHNI1 ,ALAN ,RO?1
,*RI/Y ,%EP>D1 ,W5DY ,/OLTMAN1 ,JANET
,ULWICK-,SA3A1 & ,LAUREL ,VAN ,DYKE

,! FOLL[+ >E ,,APH /AFF OR VISITORS :O
AL "PICIPAT$ 9 \R 8,TACTILE ,GRAPHICS
,ON ,FRI"D0 SES.NS & ^: DRAW+ ID1S
MADE _! WAY 9TO ! DIAGRAMS 9CLUD$ 9 ?
SET3

,KEV9 ,DEV9E1 ,D5A ,G>RETT1 ,JAYMA
,HAWK9S1 ,LOANA ,MASON1 ,LAURIANNE
,MA!SON1 ,K>5 ,POPPE1 ,C>OL ,ROD]ICK1
,]ICA ,RUCK]1 ,ANITA ,RUTL$GE1 ,MONICA
,VAU<T-,COMPTON1 & ,YAN ,ZHANG

------------------------------------#C

           ,LI/ ( ,DIAGRAMS

#A ,LI<T OR ,COMP.D ,MICROSCOPE
#B ,CELL ,SIZES & ,%APES
#C ,COMP>+ ,ANIMAL & ,PLANT         #C
  ,CELLS                           A#C
#D ,MITO*ONDRION
#E ,*LOROPLA/
#F ,PROK>YOTIC ,CELL
#G ,BACT]IAL ,TYPES
#H ,,DNA
#I ,,DNA ,D\BLE ,HELIX
#AJ ,,DNA ,REPLICA;N
#AA ,TRANSLA;N
#AB ,*ROMO"S ,DUPLICA;N
#AC ,CELL ,CYCLE ,*>T
#AD ,MITOSIS
#AE ,MEIOSIS ,I
#AF ,MEIOSIS ,,II
#AG ,NONDISJUNC;N 9 ,MEIOSIS ,I
#AH ,NONDISJUNC;N 9 ,MEIOSIS
  ,,II
#AI ,F]TILIZA;N
#BJ ,VIRAL ,REPLICA;N
#BA ,MEMBRANE ,TRANSPORT #A
#BB ,MEMBRANE ,TRANSPORT #B
#BC ,P$IGREE
#BD ,=ELIMB ,B"OS
------------------------------------#D
#BE ,COMP>ATIVE ,EMBRYOLOGY
#BF ,SK9 ,CROSS-,SEC;N             A#D
#BG ,NEURON
#BH ,! ,EYE
#BI ,! ,E>
#CJ ,US+ ,L5SES = ,VI.N
  ,CORREC;N
#CA ,S5SE ( ,TA/E
#CB ,L1F ,CROSS-,SEC;N
#CC ,TREE ,CANOPY @& ,ROOTS
#CD ,VASCUL> ,/RUCTURE ( ,WOOD
#CE ,PLANT ,9TAKE & ,\TPUT
#CF ,MOSS ,LIFE ,CYCLE
#CG ,F]N ,LIFE ,CYCLE
#CH ,P9E ,LIFE ,CYCLE
#CI ,"PS ( A ,FL[]
#DJ ,MONOCOT & ,EUDICOT ,SE$S
#DA ,SE$ ,G]M9A;N
#DB ,SP;GE
#DC ,SP;GE ,LIFE ,CYCLE
#DD ,CNID>IAN ,/++ ,CELL
#DE ,CNID>IAN ,LIFE ,CYCLE
------------------------------------#E
#DF ,FLATWORM & ,R.DWORM
#DG ,SNAIL ,BODY ,PLAN
#DH ,9SECT ,METAMORPHOSIS           #E
#DI ,9SECT ,FE$+ ,ADAPTA;NS        A#E
#EJ ,FI% ,9T]NAL ,ORGANS
#EA ,FI% ,SKELETON
#EB ,AMNIOTIC ,EGG
#EC ,BIRD ,FLI<T ,ADAPTA;NS
#ED ,WAT] ,CYCLE
#EE ,C>BON ,CYCLE
#EF ,FOOD ,WEB

---------------------------------#F-#G
              ,9TRODUC;N

.7,LIFE ,SCI;E ,TACTILE ,GRAPHICS.' >E
VACUUM=M$ RAIS$ L9E DRAW+S DEPICT+
ORGANISMS1 PROCESSES1 3CEPTS1 &
PATT]NS : >E TYPICALLY COV]$ 9 MIDDLE
& HI< S*OOL LIFE SCI;E C\RSES4 ,!Y >E
9T5D$ TO SUPPLE;T1 N REPLACE1 !
GRAPHICS 9 A /UD5T'S CLASSROOM
TEXTBOOK4

,^! GRAPHICS MAY (F] /UD5TS A DI6]5T
PRES5TA;N F _! BRLD TEXTBOOK GRAPHICS4
,! EMPHASIS 9 ? ADAPTA;N IS ON TACTUAL
R1DABIL;Y R ?AN ADH];E TO A "PICUL>
PR9T$ IMAGE1 AL? SCI5TIFIC         A#G
A3URACY IS ALW MA9TA9$4 ,2C ^!
GRAPHICS >E N ID5TICAL TO ANY IMAGE
F.D 9 A "PICUL> SCI;E TEXT1 !Y MAY N
3TA9 ALL ( ! SAME F1TURES Z A GIV5
TEXTBOOK GRAPHIC4 ,?US1 ^! VACUUM=M$
GRAPHICS & ! /UD5T'S BRL TEXTBOOK TGR
MAKE A GD COMB9A;N4

          ,L9ES & ,TEXTURES

,! DRAW+S 9 .7,LIFE ,SCI;E ,TACTILE
,GRAPHICS.' 9CLUDE _M TYPES ( L9ES &
TEXTURES1 Z WELL Z SURFACES ( DI6]5T
HEI<TS4 ,9 G5]AL1 HI<] OR M TACTUALLY
PROM95T "<8L\DE/0"> TEXTURES SIGNIFY !
MO/ IMPORTANT F1TURES ( ! DIAGRAM4

,:ILE X MI<T SEEM PREF]ABLE TO GIVE
C]TA9 L9ES & TEXTURES ! SAME M1N+ "?\T
! SET1 ! LIMIT$ SELEC;N ( R1DABLE
TEXTURES & ! COMPLEX;Y ( ! GRAPHICS
COMB9E TO MAKE ? GOAL
------------------------------------#H
IMPRACTICAL4 ,Z A RESULT1 L9ES &    #G
TEXTURES %D 2 9T]PRET$ )9 !        A#H
3TEXT ( EA* DIAGRAM4 ,= EXAMPLE1
SIMIL> TEXTURES MAY 2 US$ TO 9DICATE !
SOIL 9 A PLANT DIAGRAM1 A COMPON5T ( !
SK9 9 ANO!R DIAGRAM1 & ! SURFACE ( A
SP;GE 9 ANO!R4

           ,T1*+ ,SU7ES;NS

,ALL ( ! DRAW+S 9 .7,LIFE ,SCI;E
,TACTILE ,GRAPHICS.' DEPICT 3CEPTS1
SY/EMS1 OR T]MS T >E COMMON TO ANY
BASIC C\RSE 9 LIFE SCI;E4

,9/RUC;NAL H9TS >E GIV5 = "S ( !
TACTILE DRAW+S 9 ! SET4 ,!Y FOCUS ON
H[ Y MI<T PRES5T ! 3CEPTS TO /UD5TS :O
>E BL & :AT ^! /UD5TS MI<T F9D MO/
*ALL5G+ AB ! DRAW+ OR ! 3CEPT4 ,! GOAL
( ! SU7ES;NS IS TO HELP Y Z Y TRY TO
MAKE SCI;E LE>N+ R1L = /UD5TS :O >E N
US+ ! /&>D PR9T$ IMAGES4

^7,X IS R>E TO F9D A TACTILE PICTURE T
/&S ON XS [N = ! BL /UD5T TO "U/& )\T
EXPLANA;N F ! T1*]4^' ,EV5 ! MO/   B#H
WELL-CRAFT$ TACTILE GRAPHIC _C OV]COME
! FACT T P]CVG "? T\* IS DI6]5T F
P]CVG ) SI<T1 & ?+S T >E EASILY APP>5T
) SI<T >E USUALLY LESS APP>5T "? T\*4
,^! GRAPHICS MAY HELP DEMON/RATE
3CEPTS 9 SCI;E J Z PR9T PICTURES D1 B
!Y ALW DEP5D ON ! V]BAL DESCRIP;N OR
PHYSICAL DEMON/RA;N T Y PROVIDE TO 2
E6ECTIVE4 ,9 O!R ^WS1 ! GRAPHICS DON'T
T1* SCI;E 3CEPTS,-.1Y D6

------------------------------------#I
,3SID] ! RANGE ( PICTURES F.D 9 SCI;E
BOOKS4 ,!Y PRES5T FRONT1 SIDE1 OV]H1D1
& 9T]IOR VIEWS1 PICTURES ( ?+S R1L &
IMAG9$1 & A SCALE F ! MICROSCOPIC TO !
COSMIC4 ,) SI<T1 Y C LOOK AT A PICTURE
& 9/ANTLY RECOGNIZE !
.1P]SPECTIVE.',-! ESS;E ( H[ ! 9=MA;N
IS PRES5T$,-&1 )9 ? 3TEXT1 QKLY FOCUS
ON DETAILS ( .1:AT IS 2+ 3VEY$4 ,US+
T\*1 ? IMM GRASP ( ! :OLE ( ! PICTURE
IS N AVAILABLE4 ,! .1:OLE M/ 2 PIEC$
TGR ) "T & EXPLORA;N4               #I
                                   A#I
,Z A T1*]1 Y C HELP /UD5TS R1D A
TACTILE GRAPHIC BY EXPLA9+ .1H[ !
GRAPHIC IS PRES5T$ & .1:AT X %[S2 =
EXAMPLE3 8,? %[S ! PLANT AT DI6]5T "TS
AT DI6]5T /AGES ( ! REPRODUCTIVE
CYCLE10 OR 8,? IS H[ ! CELL LOOKS
MAGNIFI$ ?\S&S ( "TS "U A MICROSCOPE40
,^! DI6]5T K9DS ( VIEWS REQUIRE
EXPLANA;N & .1DEMON/RA;N1 2C1 Z /AT$
2F1 X TAKES "T & PRACTICE TO TRANSLATE
! _M WAYS ?+S C APPE> TO ! S5SE ( SI<T
9TO A WOR?:ILE TACTUAL EXP]I;E4

      ,VISUAL & ,TACTILE ,3V5;NS

,PR9T GRAPHICS1 & ^? 9 ? SET1 %[ ?+S F
_M DI6]5T P]SPECTIVES4 ,= 9/.E1 Y C
LOOK D[N ON AN 9SECT F ABV1 Z IF X
RE/$ ON ! TABLE2 Y C LOOK AT A PLANT F
GR.D LEVEL1 SEE+ XS L1VES & XS ROOTS
AT ! SAME "T2 Y C SEE ! VA/ OC1N FLOOR
Z X /RET*ES F "O 3T95TAL %ELF TO
ANO!R2 Y C SEE AN ORGANISM DEVELOP+ F
"O /AGE TO ! NEXT2 & S ON,-
ALL 9 PICTURES4 ,) EXPOSURE &      #AJ
PRACTICE1 WE GA9 ! ABIL;Y TO 9T]PRET &
3NECT ^! IMAGES TO A R1L;Y WE >E
FAMILI> )4 ,/UD5TS :O LACK EXP]I;E &
PRACTICE W NE$ "S CR1TIVE ASSI/.E F Y
TO MAKE ^! IMAGES 8R1L40

,! ISSUE ( MAGNIFICA;N AL DES]VES
SPECIAL M5;N4 ,9 PR9T TEXTBOOKS1
PICTURES (T5 >E N ID5TIFI$ Z
MAGNIFICA;NS 2C X'S ASSUM$ T /UD5TS C
RECOGNIZE !M Z S*4 "<,^! PICTURES >E
(T5 %[N ) A R.D FRAME TO SU7E/ A VIEW
"? A MICROSCOPE4"> ,? SET ( GRAPHICS
ASSUMES ! SAME ABIL;Y = BL R1D]S1 B Y
%D 2 AL]T = OPPORTUNITIES TO RE9=CE _!
"U/&+ ( ! RELATIVE SCALE ( ! ITEMS
PICTUR$4

,_M ( ! DIAGRAMS 9 ? SET 3TA9 >R[S1 :
S]VE DI6]5T PURPOSES DEP5D+ ON !
3TEXT4 ,9 G5]AL1 ?91 DA%$-L9E >R[S
9DICATE ! TRANSI;N F "O /AGE 9 A CYCLE
TO ANO!R4 ,^! DIAGRAMS %[ ! F/ /AGE (
! CYCLE AT ! TOP LEFT OR TOP       #AA
C5T] ( ! PAGE1 & SUBSEQU5T        A#AJ
/AGES "<9DICAT$ BY ! >R[S"> MOV+
CLOCKWISE OR D[NW>D ON ! PAGE4 ,9
3TRA/1 A ?ICK] >R[ IS G5]ALLY US$ TO
%[ ! ACTUAL MO;N ( "O SUB/.E 9TO OR
AWAY F ANO!R4 .7,/UD5TS MAY NE$
SPECIFIC TRA9+ 9 R1D+ & FOLL[+ >R[S1.'
DEP5D+ ON _! PREVI\S EXP]I;E ) TACTILE
DIAGRAMS4

-----------------------------------#AA
        ,NOTES ON ! ,DIAGRAMS

,! ,LI/ ( ,DIAGRAMS BR1KS ! TACTILE
GRAPHICS 9TO SUBJECT GR\PS : MAY SU7E/
WAYS !Y C 2 TAU<T4 ,KEEP 9 M9D T :5 Y
USE ^! TACTILE GRAPHICS1 Y >E N ONLY
T1*+ /UD5TS LIFE SCI;E1 Y >E HELP+ !M
TO USE & 9T]PRET TACTILE PICTURES 9
G5]AL4 ,Z Y BUILD UP /UD5TS' COMPET;E
& COM=T 9 R1D+ GRAPHICS1 Y OP5 UP
POSSIBILITIES = !M & PREP>E !M = FUR!R
ACADEMIC SU3ESS4 ,AL;G ! WAY Y W
9TRODUCE _M 3CEPTS &1 ) LUCK1 /IMULATE
/UD5TS TO 2 ACTIVE ?9K]S "<T IS1
.1SCI5TI/S">4                     A#AA

,FOLL[+ >E "S BRIEF NOTES ON ! TACTILE
GRAPHICS 9 ? SET1 GIV+ "S 3SID]A;NS T
MAY 2 HELP;L 9 YR T1*+4

    #A ,LI<T OR ,COMP.D ,MICROSCOPE
,? SIMPLE DIAGRAM %[S ! COMPON5TS ( A
/&>D CLASSROOM MICROSCOPE4 ,:ILE !
ACTUAL TOOL MAY 2 ( LL USE TO BL
/UD5TS1 MICROSCOPE DIAGRAMS >E (T5 SE5
ON /&>DIZ$ TE/S1 & ALL /UD5TS %D 2COME
FAMILI> ) ! BASIC "PS & T]M9OLOGY4

    #B ,CELL ,SIZES & ,%APES
,? DIAGRAM %[S T CELLS >E N UNI=M1 EI
9 SIZE OR 9 %APE2 ^! >E RELAT$ TO _!
"PICUL> FUNC;N4
-----------------------------------#AB

    #C ,COMP>+ ,ANIMAL & ,PLANT ,CELLS
,? IS ! F/ ILLU/RA;N 9 ! SET T RELIES
ON A KEY = ! A2REVIAT$ LABELS4 ,! TWO
CELLS >E PLAC$ ON ! SAME PAGE = EASY
COMP>ISON ( _! COMPON5TS4          #AC
                                  A#AB
    #D ,MITO*ONDRION

    #E ,*LOROPLA/
,2C ^! ORGANELLES >E %[N 9 CUTAWAY
VIEW1 /UD5TS MAY NE$ COA*+ TO "U/& T
!Y >E R1LLY 5CLOS$ /RUCTURES )9 A
CELL4

    #F ,PROK>YOTIC ,CELL
,! ?ICK;S ( ! CELL'S B.D>Y IS GRTLY
EXA7]AT$ 9 ? IMAGE 2C ( ! NE$ TO MAKE
! .7CELL MEMBRANE1 CELL WALL.' &
.1CAPSULE ALL TACTUALLY 4T9CTIVE F EA*
O!R4

    #G ,BACT]IAL ,TYPES
,^! HI<LY MAGNIFI$ VIEWS GIVE /UD5TS !
OPPORTUN;Y TO SEE ! BACT]IA 9 ISOLA;N
& 9 COLONIES4

    #H ,,DNA

    #I ,,DNA ,D\BLE ,HELIX
,! F/ DIAGRAM %[S ! ,,DNA LADD] &
9TRODUCES ! PAIR+S ( ! BASES4     B#AB
,/UD5TS %D NOTE ! WAY ^! PAIR+S >E
TYPICALLY %[N1 T IS1 BASE PAIRS >E
REPRES5T$ BY PO9T$ OR R.D$ %APES
-----------------------------------#AC
ADJAC5T TO _! CORRESPOND+LY %AP$
COMPLE;T>Y BASES4 ,! SECOND DIAGRAM
MAY 2 US$ 9 3JUNC;N ) A #C,D ,,DNA
MODEL TO %[ H[ A COMPLEX SPIRAL
/RUCTURE C 2 REPRES5T$ 9 A TEXTBOOK4

    #AJ ,,DNA ,REPLICA;N

    #AA ,TRANSLA;N
,^! DIAGRAMS DEPICT .1PROCESSES1 T IS1
*ANGES T TAKE PLACE )9 ! /RUCTURES
%[N4 ,/UD5TS MAY NE$ SPECIFIC 9/RUC;N
TO SEE AN ILLU/RA;N Z A S]IES ( /EPS R
?AN Z A /ATIC IMAGE4

    #AB ,*ROMO"S ,DUPLICA;N
,AL? ? IS A SIMPLE PICTURE1 X IS A *.E
= /UD5TS TO /UDY & MEMORIZE ! %APES (
! S+LE & DUPLICAT$ *ROMO"SS1 : W 2 %[N
EXT5SIVELY "<9 SMALL] =MS"> 9      #AE
LAT] DIAGRAMS4                    A#AC

    #AC ,CELL ,CYCLE ,*>T
,? *>T IS "O ( ! FEW ILLU/RA;NS T
DEPICT AN AB/RACT SEQU;E R ?AN AN
ACTUAL OBJECT OR /RUCTURE4 ,! MO/ IMM
ANALOGY IS A CLOCK FACE1 ) ! SEC;NS
REPRES5T+ RELATIVE "T 9T]VALS4

    #AD ,MITOSIS

    #AE ,MEIOSIS ,I

    #AF ,MEIOSIS ,,II

    #AG ,NONDISJUNC;N 9 ,MEIOSIS ,I
-----------------------------------#AD

    #AH ,NONDISJUNC;N 9 ,MEIOSIS ,,II
,! IMPORTANT TASK = /UD5TS US+ ^!
DIAGRAMS IS TO 2 ABLE TO MOVE 2T /AGES
BY FOLL[+ ! >R[S1 & TO NOTE !
*ANGES,-: >E "S"TS V SUBTLE,-F "O /AGE
TO ! NEXT4

    #AI ,F]TILIZA;N               A#AD
,? PROCESS1 UNLIKE O!RS %[N1 2G9S )
TWO 8/R1MS0 ON ! LEFT1 "O ABV ! O!R1 :
COMB9E 9TO "O Z ! R1D] MOVES ACR !
PAGE4

    #BJ ,VIRAL ,REPLICA;N
,2C VIRUSES >E S V>I$ 9 _! =MS1 !Y >E
REPRES5T$ "H BY AN AB/RACT1 EASILY
4C]N$ %APE "<A TRIANGLE">4 ,! ,,DNA
/R&S >E AL GRTLY SIMPLIFI$ TO R$UCE
TACTUAL CLUTT]4

    #BA ,MEMBRANE ,TRANSPORT #A

    #BB ,MEMBRANE ,TRANSPORT #B
,EA* ( ^! COMPLEX GRAPHICS %[S M ?AN
"O PROCESS ON ! SAME PAGE4 ,X IS
IMPORTANT = /UD5TS TO SEE T ! L;G
COLUMNS REPRES5T ONLY A .1SEG;T ( A
CELL MEMBRANE2 T IS1 IF ! DIAGRAM
3T9U$1 ^! COLUMNS WD JO9 TO =M A
COMPLETE 5CLOSURE4 ,! LEFT SIDE ( !
PAGE /&S = ! 9SIDE ( ! CELL4 ,S9CE !
:OLE CELL IS N %[N1 Y MAY WI% TO   #AG
ILLU/RATE ? >RANGE;T ) A MODEL    B#AD
OR A H&S-ON 5ACT;T ( ! PROCESS4

-----------------------------------#AE
,9 ! F/ DIAGRAM1 ! SIZES ( ! "PICLES
PASS+ 9TO & \ ( ! CELL MEMBRANE >E
RELEVANT4 ,! SMALLE/ "PICLES >E %[N
PASS+ "? DIRECTLY1 :ILE ! L>G] "OS >E
%[N GO+ "? ! PROTE9 *ANNELS1 : S]VE Z
8TUNNELS0 TO FACILITATE ! PROCESS4

,9 ! SECOND IMAGE1 ! DETAIL$ VIEW ( !
TWO LIPID LAY]S GIV5 9 ! F/ PICTURE IS
REPLAC$ ) A PAIR ( ?ICK L9ES4 ,/UD5TS
NE$ TO "K T ? SIMPLIFI$ REPRES5TA;N
CORRESPONDS DIRECTLY TO ! CELL
MEMBRANE %[N 9 ! PREVI\S DIAGRAM4

    #BC ,P$IGREE
,? *>T DOES N ILLU/RATE ANY "PICUL>
RELA;N%IP2 R1 X IS A G5]AL EXAMPLE ( !
LAY\T US$ TO ORGANIZE 9=MA;N AB 9H]IT$
TRAITS4


    #BD ,=ELIMB ,B"OS             A#AE

    #BE ,COMP>ATIVE ,EMBRYOLOGY
,^! DIAGRAMS ILLU/RATE BO? ! IMPORTANT
4T9C;NS & ! /RIK+ SIMIL>ITIES 9 _!
SUBJECTS1 & REQUIRE F9E 4CRIM9A;N &
COMP>ISON SKILLS F /UD5TS4

    #BF ,SK9 ,CROSS-,SEC;N
,AT ! "R ( ? IMAGE >E LABELS ) L9ES
9DICAT+ ! RANGE ( ! ?9 .1EPID]MIS & M*
?ICK] .1D]MIS4
-----------------------------------#AF

    #BG ,NEURON
,/UD5TS %D EXAM9E ! LEFT & "R SIDES (
! /RUCTURE TO SEE T1 :ILE !Y >E
SIMIL>1 !Y H MAJOR DI6];ES4

    #BH ,! ,EYE

    #BI ,! ,E>
,2C ( ! COMPLEX;Y & CLOSE;S ( !
/RUCTURES 9 ! EYE & E>1 ^! IMAGES >E V
SIMPLIFI$4 ,! EYE1 9 "PICUL>1 IS   #AI
DI6ICULT TO PORTRAY TACTUALLY1    A#AF
2C ! TACTILE GRAPHIC LOSES ! DEP? &
DIM5.NAL;Y ( ! ACTUAL EYEBALL1 PUPIL &
L5S4 ,COMP>+ ! DIAGRAMS ) L>G] #C,D
MODELS W HELP /UD5TS "U/& _! F1TURES
BETT]4

    #CJ ,US+ ,L5SES = ,VI.N ,CORREC;N
,? DIAGRAM %[S TWO 82F & AF0 SC5>IOS1
AG ) M* SIMPLIFICA;N & SIZE EXA7]A;N =
BETT] TACTUAL R1DABIL;Y4 ,HELP /UD5TS
"U/& T ! LI<T RAYS COM+ F ! 8;,T0 %AP$
OBJECT >E ACTUALLY 9TANGIBLE1 B M/ 2
REPRES5T$ BY SOLID L9ES 9 ! DIAGRAM4
,! ESS5TIAL PO9T TO EMPHASIZE IS !
ABIL;Y ( ! L5SES TO FOCUS ! LI<T RAYS
"<& ?US ! P]CVD IMAGE"> DIRECTLY ON !
RET9A1 Z OPPOS$ TO 9 FRONT ( OR 2H X4
-----------------------------------#AG

    #CA ,S5SE ( ,TA/E
,! SEP>ATE IMAGES 9 ? GRAPHIC %[ !
PAPILLAE ( ! T;GUE F TWO ANGLES,-F
ABV1 Z A MASS ( BUMPS ON ! T;GUE1 & F
! SIDE1 GRTLY MAGNIFI$ & 9
CROSS-SEC;N4                      A#AG

    #CB ,L1F ,CROSS-,SEC;N
,! CELLS 9 A SEC;N ( A L1F >E DEPICT$
9 S"EAL WAYS "H2 "S >E %[N ) ! NUCLEUS
Z A SMALL DEPRES.N1 & O!RS ) SMALL
BUMPS REPRES5T+ *LOROPLA/S4 ,NOTE T !
.1VASCUL> .1BUNDLE1 USUALLY %[N 9 PR9T
Z A CIRCUL> /RUCTURE1 IS "PLY CUT (F
TO ALL[ DIRECT LABEL+ ( ! .1XYLEM &
.1PHLOEM4

    #CC ,TREE ,CANOPY @& ,ROOTS
,? IMAGE %[S T ! UNSE5 "P ( A TYPICAL
TREE1 ! ROOT SY/EM1 C 2 Z EXT5SIVE Z !
BRAN*ES RIS+ ABV4 ,?\< ! TOP ( ! GR.D
IS %[N1 ? P]SPECTIVE MAGICALLY ALL[S U
TO SEE "? X & VIEW ! 5TIRE TREE Z IF
WE 7 A %ORT 4T.E AWAY4

    #CD ,VASCUL> ,/RUCTURE ( ,WOOD
,2C ! TACTILE IMAGE LACKS
?REE-DIM5.NAL;Y1 X _C ADEQUATELY %[ H[
! VESSELS >E >RANG$ )9 ! WOOD4 ,! L[]
"PS ( ! DIAGRAM %[ BO? AN 5D       #BA
VIEW & A SIDE VIEW ( ! VESSELS1   B#AG
B MODELS T >E HELD 9 H& W MAKE !
COMP>ISON CLE>]4
-----------------------------------#AH

    #CE ,PLANT ,9TAKE & ,\TPUT
,! GRAPHIC REPRES5TS A TYPICAL L1FY
PLANT & ! PROCESSES ( GAS & WAT]
EX*ANGE T O3UR4

    #CF ,MOSS ,LIFE ,CYCLE

    #CG ,F]N ,LIFE ,CYCLE
,HELP /UD5TS RECOGNIZE T ^! ILLU/RA;NS
>E MADE F ! 8BUG'S EYE VIEW10 T IS1 AT
OR NE> GR.D LEVEL4 ,F ? P]SPECTIVE1 !
HORIZONTAL L9E ?US DIVIDES :AT IS ABV
GR.D F :AT IS 2L4

    #CH ,P9E ,LIFE ,CYCLE
,H&S-ON COMP>ISON ( ! DIAGRAM TO AN
ACTUAL P9E C"O ) OP5$ SCALES MAY MAKE
! LIFE CYCLE M "U/&ABLE4


    #CI ,"PS ( A ,FL[]            A#AH
,L ! PREVI\S DIAGRAM1 ? %[S ! IMPORT.E
( A POLL5 TUBE = 3DUCT+ SP]M NUCLEI TO
! OV>IES ( ! PLANT4 ,! 9SET %[S A
MAGNIFI$ CROSS-SEC;N ( ! OVULE & OV>Y4

    #DJ ,MONOCOT & ,EUDICOT ,SE$S

    #DA ,SE$ ,G]M9A;N
,^! DIAGRAMS ALL[ /UD5TS TO COMP>E "S
( ! SIMIL> & 3TRA/+ F1TURES ( MONOCOT
& EUDICOT SE$S & PLANTS4 ,! SECOND
DIAGRAM IS ANO!R GR.D LEVEL P]SPECTIVE
) ! SOIL 8CUT AWAY40
-----------------------------------#AI

    #DB ,SP;GE

    #DC ,SP;GE ,LIFE ,CYCLE
,! SP;GE DIAGRAMS DEPICT1 9 V>I\S
WAYS1 ! \T] WALL1 9N] WALL & 9SIDE !
WALL XF ( A TYPICAL SP;GE4 ,? *ANGE 9
VIEWS MAY PRES5T DI6ICULTY = BL /UD5TS
& REQUIRE ADDI;NAL EXPLANA;N4
                                   #BC
    #DD ,CNID>IAN ,/++ ,CELL      A#AI

    #DE ,CNID>IAN ,LIFE ,CYCLE
,2C MO/ BL /UD5TS W N H SE5 OR FELT AN
EXAMPLE ( A CNID>IAN1 Y MAY NE$ TO F9D
MODELS OR CR1TE SUB/ITUTES T 3VEY !
UNUSUAL NATURE ( ^! CR1TURES4

    #DF ,FLATWORM & ,R.DWORM
,NOTE ! PAIR$ L1D L9ES 3NECT+ ! LABELS
TO ! IMAGES4 ,! PURPOSE ( ! DIAGRAM IS
TO %[ ! F1TURES ^! TYPES ( WORMS D & D
N %>E4

    #DG ,SNAIL ,BODY ,PLAN
,DRAW+S ( SNAILS & MOLLUSCS DI6] 9 !
WAY ! 9T]NAL ORGANS >E >RANG$4 ,?
DRAW+ IS LAID \ TO MAKE ! "PS EASILY
4C]NIBLE & UNCLUTT]$4
-----------------------------------#BJ

    #DH ,9SECT ,METAMORPHOSIS
,! P]SPECTIVE 9 ? DRAW+ IS F WAT]
LEVEL1 ALL[+ U TO SEE ABV & 2L !
WAT]'S SURFACE AT ! SAME "T4 ,/UD5TS
MAY NE$ TO 2 9TRODUC$ TO !        A#BJ
3CEPT ( .1SURFACE .1T5.N1 : ALL[S !
E7S TO SIT ON TOP ( ! WAT] & ! L>VAE &
PUPAE TO HANG 2L ! WAT]4

    #DI ,9SECT ,FE$+ ,ADAPTA;NS
,?REE TYPES ( 9SECTS1 EA* ) A DI6]5T
APP>ATUS = FE$+1 >E %[N4 ,AL? N ALL (
! ORGANS >E LABEL$1 /UD5TS %D NOTE T
ALL ?REE H EYES & ANT5NAE ( DI6]5T
SIZES4 ,! DI6];ES 9 FE$+ APP>ATUS
RELATE TO ! TYPES ( FOOD ! 9SECTS
3SUME4

    #EJ ,FI% ,9T]NAL ,ORGANS
,9 ? DIAGRAM1 ! ORGANS >E >RANG$ TO
GIVE AN 9DICA;N ( :AT !Y >E R ?AN =
/RICT A3URACY ( PLACE;T4 ,? RETA9S !
ESS5TIAL 9=MA;N :ILE MAK+ ! DIAGRAM
R1DABLE4

    #EA ,FI% ,SKELETON
,= BO? FI% DIAGRAMS1 2 SURE TO ORI5T
/UD5TS TO ! EYE & M\? ON ! LEFT SIDE1
: C S]VE Z REF];E PO9TS = "U/&+    #BE
! 5TIRE BODY PLAN4                B#BJ
-----------------------------------#BA

    #EB ,AMNIOTIC ,EGG
,= /UD5TS :O >E ADV5TUR\S1 EXAM9+ !
3T5TS ( A R1L *ICK5 EGG & COMP>+ !M )
! DRAW+ MAY GIVE A BETT] IDEA ( !
/RUCTURES 3TA9$ 9SIDE ! %ELL4

    #EC ,BIRD ,FLI<T ,ADAPTA;NS
,AL;G ) ! SKELETAL /RUCTURE ( ! BIRD1
? DIAGRAM %[S TWO ADDI;NAL F1TURES T
3TRIBUTE TO A BIRD'S FLI<T ADAPTA;NS3
,! AIR SACS T A3OMPANY ! LUNGS1 & !
AIR SPACES )9 ! B"OS T MAKE !M LI<T4

    #ED ,WAT] ,CYCLE

    #EE ,C>BON ,CYCLE
,TWO APPROA*ES >E US$ = ^! DIAGRAMS1
TO GIVE /UD5TS EXPOSURE TO DI6]5T WAYS
( REPRES5T+ SIMIL> 9=MA;N4 ,! F/
GRAPHIC IS 9 PICTURE =M & %[S ! MOVE;T
( WAT] "? A L&SCAPE4 ,! SECOND GRAPHIC
PRES5TS XS 9=MA;N M AB/RACTLY Z A
SY/EM ( LABEL$ >R[S ) NO          A#BA
OBJECTS PICTUR$4 ,BO? PRES5T A 8GR.D
L9E0 P]SPECTIVE TO ! R1D]4
-----------------------------------#BB

    #EF ,FOOD ,WEB
,/UD5TS %D 2 AW>E T ! EXAMPLES *OS5 >E
TYPICAL1 B T O!R ANIMALS &_/OR PLANTS
CD 2 ADD$ OR SUB/ITUT$1 MAK+ ! WEB M
COMPLEX4 ,! >R[S 9 ? K9D ( DIAGRAM H A
SPECIAL M1N+ 2C1 R ?AN 9DICAT+ .1MO;N1
!Y SIGNIFY T "O K9D ( ORGANISM IS
.13SUM$ BY ANO!R4

                ,NOTES

,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE LOGO
#AHCI ,FRANK=T ,AV5UE1 ,L\ISVILLE1
,K5TUCKY #DJBJF
#EJB-#HIE-#BDJE
#HJJ-#BBC-#AHCI
HTTPS3_/_/WWW4APH4ORG_/
9FO@AAPH4ORG

,CATALOG ,NUMB] #A-#JHHDJ-#JJ      #BG