,,TACTILE ,,GRAPHICS ,,KIT
             ,,GUIDEBOOK

            ,COPY"R #BJJB
        ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE
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          ,ALL ,"RS ,RES]V$4

            ,9 ,"O ,VOLUME
        ,PAGES ;I-;IX & #A-HH

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      ;,E-MAIL3 _+INFO@APH.ORG_:
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    ,ORIG9AL ,EDI;N 7#AIHA7       ;III
,PROJECT ,DIRECTOR/,AU?OR
,JOHN ,L4 ,B>?1 ,PH4,D4

,PROJECT ,ASSI/ANT
,$W>D ,P4 ,B]LA'1 ,PH4,D4

,TOOL ,DESIGN
,G>Y ,L4 ,DAVIS

,ILLU/R,NS
,JOHN ,L4 ,B>?1 ,PH4,D4
,K]RY ,L4 ,CUNDIFF

    ,UPDAT$ ,EDI;N 7#BJJB7
7,CATALOG ,NO43 #A-JHHEA-JJ7

,PROJECT ,DIRECTOR/,$ITOR
,K>5 ,J4 ,POPPE

,PROJECT ,ASSI/ANT
,KRI/OPH] ,A4 ,SCOTT

,TOOL ,DESIGN/,ILLU/R,NS
,TOM ,POPPE

,COV]/,PACKAG+ ,>T
,B]NADETTE ,S4 ,MUDD






















             ,AC"KL$GE;TS           ;V

  ,! RE-DESIGN (! ,TACTILE ,GRAPHICS
,KIT 0 GUID$ 0! ADVICE PROVID$ 0!
FOLL[+ TACTILE GRAPHIC DESIGN]S3

,NANCY ,S4 ,AMICK1 ,PR9CETON
  ,BRAILLI/S1 ,NEW ,J]SEY
,JANE ,M4 ,CORCORAN1 ,BRL ,TRANSCRIP;N
  ,PROJECT ( ,SANTA ,CL>A ,C.TY1 ,NOR?
  ,BRAN*1 ,CALI=NIA
,S,Y ,H]+1 ,JOHANNA ,BUR1U =! ,BL &
  ,PHYSIC,Y ,H&ICAPP$1 ,9C41 ,ILL9OIS
,DIANE ,N\SAN51 ,TEXAS ,S*OOL =! ,BL &
  ,VISU,Y ,IMPAIR$1 ,TEXAS

  ,,APH IS GRATE;L =! 9PUT & GUID.E
RCVD F ^! CR1TIVE LADIES BAS$ ^U _! _M
YE>S ( EXP]I;E 9 ! >EA ( TACTILE
GRAPHIC PRODUC;N4





            ,TA# ( ,3T5TS

,*APT]                           ,PAGE

,AC"KL$GE;TS """""""""""""""""""""" ;V

,9TRODUC;N """""""""""""""""""""""" #A

,SEC;N ,I3 ,US+ ! ,TACTILE
  ,GRAPHICS ,KIT ,E6ECTIVELY
    ,OV]VIEW """""""""""""""""""""" #F
    ,TRANSF]R+ ! ,IMAGE 6! ,FOIL "" #G
    ,BRL ,LABEL+ """"""""""""""""" #AJ
    ,EMBOSS+ ,PO9T ,SYMBOLS 9 !
  ,FOIL ,MA/] """""""""""""""""""" #AA
    ,EMBOSS+ ,L9ES 9 ! ,FOIL
  ,MA/] """""""""""""""""""""""""" #AB
    ,EMBOSS+ ,>1L ,PATT]NS 9 !
  ,FOIL ,MA/] """""""""""""""""""" #AH
    ,-PLET+ ! ,4PLAY """"""""""""" #AI
    ,SUMM>Y """""""""""""""""""""" #BB

,SEC;N ,,II3 ,DESIGN+ ,LEGI#
  ,TACTILE ,4PLAYS
    ,A ,-MON ,MY? """""""""""""""" #BE
                                  ;VII
,*APT]                           ,PAGE
    ,SIMPLIC;Y """"""""""""""""""" #BG
    ,CLUTT] """""""""""""""""""""" #BH
    ,L9ES """""""""""""""""""""""" #CB
    ,PO9T ,SYMBOLS """"""""""""""" #CE
    ,>1L ,PATT]NS """""""""""""""" #CF
    ,LABEL+ """""""""""""""""""""" #CH
    ,A4I;NAL ,NOTES """""""""""""" #DJ
    ,F9AL ,-;T """"""""""""""""""" #DD

,SEC;N ,,III3 ,9TRODUC+ ,BL
  ,/UD5TS 6,R1D+ ,TACTILE ,MAPS
    ,ORI5T,N 6,5VIRON;T """""""""" #DE
    ,BASIC ,TACTUAL ,SKILLS """""" #DG
    ,REPRES5T,N (
  ,?REE-,DIM5.NAL ,OBJECTS ON A
    ,TWO-,DIM5.NAL ,SURFACE """""" #EJ
    ,! ,/UD5T'S ,F/ ,MAP """"""""" #EC
    ,EXP&+ ! ,MAP """""""""""""""" #EE
    ,SUMM>Y & ,3CLU.NS """"""""""" #EG

,APP5DIX ;,A3 ,SAMPLES (
  ,TACTILE ,GRAPHIC ,4PLAYS """""" #EI
                   
                   
,*APT]                           ,PAGE
,APP5DIX ;,B3 ,,APH ,TACTILE
  ,GRAPHIC ,GUIDEL9ES """""""""""" #FF
,APP5DIX ;,C3 ,S\RCES ( ,TACTILE
  ,GRAPHIC ,RELAT$ ,PRODUCTS """"" #GD
,BIBLIOGRAPHY """""""""""""""""""" #HB


















         ,,SPECIAL ,,SYMBOLS       ;IX
         ,,US$ ,,9 ,,? ,,BOOK

@ 7#D7 ,A35T SIGN4 ,PLAC$ IMMLY 2F !
  LR M>K$ ) AN A35T 9 PR9T4

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_+ ,2G9 ,-PUT] ,BRL ,CODE4
_: ,5D ,-PUT] ,BRL ,CODE4
@ 7#D7 ,AT4
. 7#D-F7 ,P]IOD4







































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9 REDUC+ ! 9=M,N B>RI] = BL /UD5TS1
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,FIGURE #A4
  ,6ASSI/ Y 9 TAK+ MAXIMAL ADVANTAGE
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? ,GUIDEBOOK4 ,SEC;N ,I DESCRIBES !
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5JOYA# & SATISFY+4 ,TAKE YR "T4 ,SKILL
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              ,SEC;N ,I
      ,US+ ! ,TACTILE ,GRAPHICS
           ,KIT ,E6ECTIVELY

    ,OV]VIEW
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Y C 3/RUCT A 8MA/]0 GRAPHIC 4PLAY1 : C
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Z Y WANT4 ,BASIC,Y1 ! IDEA IS 6CR1TE A
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  ,2F PROCE$+1 EXAM9E ,FIGURE #B
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FIGURE W HELP Y ID5TIFY ! KIT'S
-PON5TS Z !Y >E 4CUSS$ 9 ! FOLL[+   #G
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    ,TRANSF]R+ ! ,IMAGE 6! ,FOIL
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? IS D"O1 X M/ 2 REMEMB]$ T :AT"E IS
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TRY+ 6PULL ! TOOL HORIZONT,Y ACR YR
BODY1 : IS :AT WD H 6BE D"O IF ! FOIL
7 N ROTAT$4 ,:5 US+ EI 5D ( ? TOOL1
APPLY Z M* D[NW>D PRESSURE Z Y C .)\T
.P]=AT+ ! FOIL & MOVE ! TIP ACR !
SURFACE 9 A SMOO?1 3T9U\S MO;N4 ,APPLY
PRESSURE 3SI/5TLY4 ,!N1 = BE/ RESULTS1
PLACE ! FOIL ON A .SMOO?1 .H>D
.SURFACE & .RETRACE ! L9E )! EMBOSS+
TOOL4 ,? W ELIM9ATE IRREGUL>ITIES 9 !
L9E CAUS$ 0UNEV5 PRESSURES APPLI$ DUR+
EMBOSS+4 ,PRACTICE IS ! ONLY WAY   #AE
Y W 2 A# 6DET]M9E ! AM.T ( PRESSURE T
IS NE$$ 6GET MAXIMUM DEP? )\T TE>+ !
FOIL4
  .,L9E .#E 7SEE ,FIGURE #D7 IS MADE
)! .SAME .5D (! TOOL : MAKES .,L9E
.#C4 ,L9E #E IS A .?9 .DA%$ L9E4
,6EMBOSS X 9 ! FOIL1 SIMPLY MAKE #A/D
9* 7#F ;MM7 .L;G .DA%ES SEP>AT$ 0#A/H
9* 7#C ;MM7 .BLANK .SPACES4 ,D N
P]=ATE ! FOIL4 ,,NOTE3 ,! S+LE DOTT$
L9E 7,L9E #A7 &! ?9 SOLID L9E 7,L9E
#C7 >E ! EASIE/ "OS 6EMBOSS 9 GRAPHIC
SITU,NS REQUIR+ TI<T TURNS 9 ! L9E4
  .,SPECIAL .,PURPOSE .,L9ES4 .,L9E
.#F & .,L9E .#G >E PRODUC$ )! SAME
L9E-DRAW+ TOOL 7SEE ,FIGURE #D7 & >E
9T5D$ = SPECIAL PURPOSES ONLY4 ,L9E #F
IS A .F9E .DOTT$ L9E ( L[] ELEV,N ?AN
,L9ES #A "? #E4 ,X IS PRIM>ILY 9T5D$
6BE US$

,A4 ,Z A ..GUIDE L9E OR L1D .L9E =
  3NECT+ SPECIFIC F1TURES (A 4PLAY )
  _! BRL LABELS1 &
,B4 ,Z ! V]TICAL & HORIZONTAL .GRID
  .L9ES 9 GRAPHS4

  ,6PRODUCE ? L9E1 ROLL ! :EEL OV] !
SURFACE (! FOIL1 APPLY+ FAIRLY .LI<T
PRESSURE4 ,D N P]=ATE ! FOIL4
  .,L9E .#G 7.DIREC;NAL L9E7 HAS !
UNIQUE QUAL;Y ( 2+ A# 63VEY DIREC;N (
MOVE;T4 ,:5 SCANN$ )! F+]TIPS 9 "O
DIREC;N X FEELS SMOO?1 :ILE 9 !
OPPOSITE DIREC;N X FEELS R\<4 ,2C ( ?
"*I/IC1 X C 2 US$ 9 PLACE (! TRADI;NAL
>R[H1D SYMBOL4 ,X IS SUP]IOR 6! >R[H1D
9 T ! DIREC;N (! L9E C 2 FELT AT E
PO9T AL;G XS L5G? & ?US IS LESS LIKELY
6CAUSE 3FU.N4 ,DIREC;N ( MOVE;T IS
9DICAT$ 0! .SMOO? FEEL+4 ,6USE ? TOOL1
PULL ! :EEL ACR ! FOIL :ILE APPLY+
.H1VY PRESSURE S T ! TEE? BITE 96!
METAL4 ,NOTICE T ! L9E FEELS SMOO? :5
SCANN$ 9 ! SAME DIREC;N T Y MOV$ !
:EEL4 ,IF1 = EXAMPLE1 Y WANT 69DICATE
MOVE;T 7SMOO? FEEL+7 F ! TOP (! 4PLAY
6! BOTTOM1 ROLL ! :EEL OV] ! FOIL F !
TOP 6! BOTTOM4
    ,F9E ,TUN+ ! ,EMBOSS$ ,L9ES4   #AG
  ,AF Y H F9I%$ EMBOSS+ ! L9ES1
..REMOVE ! RU2] .PAD F 2N ! FOIL &
PLACE ! FOIL ..%9Y SIDE UP ON A SMOO?1
H>D .SURFACE4 ,GRASP ! ..WOOD5 L9E
%>P5+ .TOOL S T ! FLAT SIDE FACES
UPW>D 7SEE ,FIGURE #F7 & RUB ! PO9T (!
TOOL BACK & =? AL;G BO? SIDES ( ALL (!
RAIS$ L9ES S T !Y >E M 4T9CT 6! T\*4
,D N 2 AFRAID 6"W ! METAL ) ? TOOL4 ,!
FOIL IS MALLEA# & C 2 EASILY %AP$4
.,L9E .%>P5+ IS AN IMPORTANT TASK1
..ESPECI,Y =! SOLID .L9ES &! .DA%$
.L9E4 ,MAK+ ! SIDES (! SOLID L9ES
NE>LY .V]TICAL 7SEE ! CROSS SEC;N 9
,FIGURE #G7 W GRTLY 9CR1SE _!
/RUCTURAL /R5G?4 ,V]TICAL SIDES
PRODUCE A M .RIGID !RMO=M$ SOLID L9E
?AN D SLANT$ SIDES4 ,A LL EXTRA "W W
GRTLY IMPROVE YR TACTILE 4PLAY4
,,NOTE3 ,2C (! GRT] AM.T ( L9E %>P5+
REQUIR$ 0! SOLID L9ES1 X IS ADVISA#
6EMBOSS ! SOLID L9ES .2F PROCE$+ 6!
DOTT$ L9ES4
  .,A .,F9AL .,*ECK4 ,IF Y H EMBOSS$
,L9ES #A "? #G PROP]LY1 !Y %D LOOK &
FEEL V SIMIL> 6! !RMO=M$ EXAMPLES %[N
9 ,FIGURE #D4 ,-P>E YR "W ) ^!
EXAMPLES & NOTE ANY DI6];ES4 ,! MO/
FREQU5T PRO#MS >E CAUS$ BY

,A4 ,9SU6ICI5T %>P5+ (! L9ES1
,B4 ,APPLY+ TOO LL PRESSURE1 OR
,C4 ,APPLY+ TOO M* PRESSURE4

  ,PRACTICE EMBOSS+ ! L9ES PROP]LY 2F
2G9N+ YR F/ TACTILE 4PLAY4 ,ONLY "?
TRIAL & ]ROR W Y LE>N 6USE ! L9E TOOLS
E6ECTIVELY4

    ,EMBOSS+ ,>1L ,PATT]NS 9 ! ,FOIL
    ,MA/]
  ,F\R PLATES = PRODUC+ F\R 4T9CT >1L
PATT]NS 9 ! FOIL >E 3TA9$ 9 ! KIT 7SEE
,FIGURE #D =! !RMO=M$ V].NS ( ^!
PATT]NS74 ,PLACE "O (! PLATES 2N !
FOIL 7%9Y SIDE UP71 DIRECTLY "U ! >EA
Y WANT 6EMBOSS ) AN >1L PATT]N 7SEE
,FIGURE #H74 ,GRASP ! WOOD5 HAMM] &
./RIKE ! FOIL REP1T$LY )9 ! \TL9$ >EA4
,USE ! L>GE 5D (! HAMM] = L>GE     #AI
>1S &! SMALL 5D = SMALL >1S4
  ,ANO!R WAY ( RAIS+ AN >1L PATT]N 9 !
FOIL IS 0US+ ! ROLL] TOOL %[N 9
,FIGURE #B4 ,6D ?1 SIMPLY ROLL ! :EEL
BACK & =? OV] ! \TL9$ >EA ON ! FOIL
7SEE ,FIGURE #I74 ,? TOOL IS ESPECI,Y
USE;L =

,A4 ,EMBOSS+ SMALL >1S1 &
,B4 ,EMBOSS+ ! EXACT 3T\RS 7\T] $GES7
  ( \TL9$ >1S4

  ,G5],Y1 ! TWO 5DS (! HAMM] %D 2 US$
=! MAJOR "P (! "W &! ROLL] =! F9I% "W4
  .,,NOTE3 ,D N ALL[ ! PLATE 6MOVE >.D
2N ! FOIL :ILE EMBOSS+1 Z ? W 4TORT !
DESIR$ >1L PATT]N4 ,PLAC+ ! PLATE ON !
RU2] PAD W HELP PREV5T S* SLIPPAGE4

    ,-PLET+ ! ,4PLAY
  .,ERAS+4 ,"O (! ADVANTAGES ( EMBOSS+
4PLAYS 9 FOIL IS T ]RORS C 2 ERAS$4
,IF A L>GE >EA1 S* Z AN >1L PATT]N1
NE$S 6BE *ANG$1 USE ! L>GE 5D (!
.WOOD5 .ERAS] PROVID$ 9 ! KIT4 ,SIMPLY
LAY ! FOIL %9Y SIDE UP ON A .SMOO?1
.H>D SURFACE & SCRUB ! >EA VIGOR\SLY
)! ERAS] UNTIL X IS FLAT & SMOO?4 ,NEW
PATT]NS C !N 2 EMBOSS$ 9 T SAME >EA4
,IF Y NE$ 6D M PRECISE ERAS+1 S* Z
CORRECT+ A SMALL "P (A L9E> OR >1L
PATT]N1 USE ! WOOD5 L9E %>P5+ TOOL4
,USE EI OR BO? ( ^! TOOLS 6ERASE ANY
EXTRANE\S M>KS 9 ! FOIL T >E N "P (!
GRAPHIC4 ,IF "! >E ANY BULGES 9 ! FOIL
7"S"TS RESULT+ F ! EMBOSS+ "W71 G5TLY
PRESS !M FLAT ) YR F+]TIPS1 OR USE !
WOOD5 ERAS]4
  ..,R1DY+ ! ,FOIL = .,!RMO=M+4 ,!
!RMO=M MA*9E "WS 0M1NS (A H1T/VACUUM
PROCESS4 ,6GET GD COPIES1 ! PUMP M/ 2
A# 6SUCK ! ,BRAILON %EET D[N ONTO !
FOIL MA/]4 ,S9CE ALUM9UM FOIL IS
NONPOR\S1 X M/ 2 PUNCTUR$ ) T9Y HOLES
6ALL[ A GD FL[ ( AIR "? X4 ,6D ?1
PLACE ! FOIL MA/] .%9Y .SIDE .UP ON A
?ICK PIECE ( CLO?4 ,TAKE ! .V5T .TOOL
7P9 ) L;G WOOD H&LE7 PROVID$ 9 ! KIT &
PRICK HOLES AB TWO 9*ES A"P >.D !
\TSIDE M>G9 (! FOIL %EET1 AB       #BA
#A/B 9* F ! $GE4 ,PRICK HOLES AT AB
"O-9* 9T]VALS AL;G .BO? SIDES (! SOLID
L9ES &! DA%$ L9E4 ,PRICK A HOLE OR TWO
NEXT TO 7OR )97 EA* PO9T SYMBOL & BRL
LABEL4 ,PRICK HOLES 9 ! >1L PATT]NS AT
! RATE ( AB "O P] SQU>E 9*4 ,PRICK
A4I;NAL HOLES 9 TI<T SPOTS1 S* Z !
CORN]S =M$ 0TWO 9T]SECT+ L9ES4
  ..,!RMO=M+ ! ,FOIL .,MA/]4 ,PLACE !
FOIL1 %9Y SIDE UP1 ON ! METAL GRID (!
!RMO=M MA*9E4 ,LAY A %EET ( ,BRAILON
ON TOP (! FOIL & FIX ! CLAMP TI<TLY 9
PLACE4 ,SET ! H1T DIAL ON 8HI<0 &! "TR
ON 8#C0 OR 8#D40 ,SLI<TLY HI<] ?AN
NORMAL SETT+S >E USU,Y REQUIR$ =
GRAPHIC 4PLAYS4 ,GIVE ! MA*9E #E 6#AJ
M9UTES 6W>M UP4 ,N[ SLIDE ! LID =W>D4
,AT ! S.D (! BUZZ]1 PU% ! LID BACK
SL[LY & !N PRESS ! BUTTON T TURNS (F !
VACUUM PUMP4 ,IF ! ,BRAILON COPY (!
MA/] IS BLURR$1 Y MAY NE$ 6EI PRICK M
V5T HOLES 9 ! FOIL OR READJU/ ! SETT+
(! "T 3TROL4 ,IF ALL GOES WELL1 A
4T9CT IMAGE (! MA/] 4PLAY %D 2 =M$ 9 !
PLA/IC %EET4 ,MAKE Z _M COPIES Z >E
NE$$ & !N /ORE ! FOIL MA/] 9 A V]TICAL
POSI;N = LAT] USE4

    ,SUMM>Y
#A4 ,TRANSF] ! GRAPHIC 4PLAY 6! :ITE
  SURFACE (! FOIL & 9DICATE LABELS T
  >E NE$$4
#B4 ,EMBOSS BRL LABELS 9 ! FOIL )!
  SLATE & /YLUS4
#C4 ,EMBOSS ! PO9T SYMBOLS 9 ! FOIL )!
  SET ( T;GS4
#D4 ,PLACE ! FOIL ON ! RU2] PAD &
  EMBOSS ! L9ES 9 ! FOIL )! L9E TOOLS4
#E4 ,PLACE ! FOIL %9Y SIDE UP ON A
  H>D1 SMOO? SURFACE & %>P5 ! L9ES )!
  WOOD5 L9E %>P5+ TOOL4
#F4 ,EMBOSS ! >1L PATT]NS 9 ! FOIL US+
  ! PATT]N$ PLATES4
#G4 ,PRICK AIR HOLES 9 ! FOIL )! V5T
  TOOL4
#H4 ,!RMO=M ,BRAILON COPIES (! FOIL
  MA/]4


             ,SEC;N ,,II           #BC
           ,DESIGN+ ,LEGI#
           ,TACTILE ,4PLAYS

  ,TACTUAL1 OR M G5],Y1 HAPTIC P]CEP;N
IS A USE;L SY/EM = ACQUIR+ 9=M,N AB !
5VIRON;T1 ESPECI,Y :5 ! M DOM9ANT
VISUAL SY/EM IS MALFUNC;N+ OR -PLETELY
%UT D[N4 ,X %D N 2 ASSUM$1 H["E1 T
TACTUAL P]CEP;N OP]ATES 9 A MANN]
SIMIL>1 AL? 9F]IOR1 6VISUAL P]CEP;N4
,N ONLY IS ! TACTUAL SY/EM LIMIT$
6PICK+ UP LESS DETAIL$ 9=M,N1 B X AL
PROCESSES ! 9=M,N X GA!RS 9 A DI6]5T
WAY ?AN DOES ! VISUAL SY/EM4 ,VI.N
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F1TURES -POS+ AN IMAGE & AN IMM GRASP+
( _! SPATIAL REL,N%IPS4 ,T\* ONLY
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SY/EM 9 SEQU5TIAL ORD]4 ,9TEGR,N (!
-POSITE IMAGE IS A*IEV$ ONLY GRADU,Y
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GRAPHIC DESIGN IS T ! SU3ESS;L TACTILE
GRAPHIC W H>DLY "E 2 "O T IS A M]E
TRANSLIT],N (! VISUAL IMAGE4 ,GRAPHIC
4PLAYS =! BL M/ 2 DESIGN$ SPECIFIC,Y =
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EASILY 9T]PRET$ VISU,Y W N NECESS>ILY
2 TACTU,Y M1N+;L4
  ,! FUNDA;TAL DI6];ES 2T ! VISUAL &
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EVID5T ?AN 9 ! ILLU/R,N ( ?REE
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63VEY DEP? 9 A TWO-DIM5.NAL DRAW+ >E
VISUAL 9 NATURE & H NO EQUIVAL5TS 9 !
TACTUAL R1LM4 ,CUES S* Z 9T]POSI;N 7!
O3LU.N ( "PS ( "O OBJECT 0ANO!R71
RELATIVE SIZE 7OBJECTS APPE>+ SMALL] Z
4T.E 9CR1SES71 & L9E> P]SPECTIVE 7!
GRADUAL 3V]G+ ( L9ES AT ! HORIZON1 S*
Z ! RAILS (A RAILROAD TRACK7 >E VISUAL
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/RUCTUR$ 5VIRON;T VIEW$ AT A 4T.E4 ,^!
SAME PROP]TIES C 2 SU3ESS;LLY
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S5SE 8TRICK+0 ! EYE 6P]CV ! SC5E 9
?REE DIM5.NS4 ,? GE/ALT OR TOTAL
EXP]I;E1 H["E1 _C 2 REPRES5T$ =!
F+]TIPS :1 0_! V NATURE1 _C        #BE
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/IMUL,N4 ,EV5 ?\< X IS POSSI# T "S
ESPECI,Y GIFT$ BL 9DIVIDUALS MAY 2 A#
6MAKE S5SE \ ( ?REE-DIM5.NAL ILLU/R,NS
"? A LABORI\S PROCESS ( ANALYSIS &
9TEGR,N1 X IS EXTREMELY D\BT;L T EV5
^! 9DIVIDUALS W P]CV DEP? 9 ANY WAY T
CORRESPONDS 6! VISUAL EXP]I;E4 ,G5],Y1
A TACTILE ILLU/R,N (A ?REE DIM5.NAL
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9COMPREH5SI# JUM# ( L9ES & TEXTURES 6!
BL /UD5T & %D 2 AVOID$4
  ,? SEC;N (! ,GUIDEBOOK ATTEMPTS
6DESCRIBE "S (! FACTORS T W HELP Y
6DESIGN M M1N+;L TACTILE IMAGES =! BL
R1D]4 ,"! >E FEW H>D & FA/ RULES 6G
BY1 H["E1 GIV5 ! CURR5T LEVEL ( K 9 !
FIELD4 ,3SEQU5TLY1 ! FOLL[+ 9=M,N
REPRES5TS G5]AL GUIDEL9ES R ?AN
E/ABLI%$ PR9CIPLES4

    ,A ,-MON ,MY?
  ,! GRTE/ FALLACY 6-MIT :5 DESIGN+ A
TACTILE 4PLAY IS 6ASSUME T BL P]SONS H
AN EXTRAORD9>Y S5SE ( T\*4 ,! BL D N
POSSESS AN UNCANNY ABIL;Y TO 8SEE0 )
_! F+]TIPS4 ,ON ! 3TR>Y1 RESE>* /UDIES
& FIELD OBS]V,NS H 9DICAT$ T MO/ BL
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7S"EAL /UDIES H %[N T VA/ IMPROVE;TS C
2 MADE ) EV5 LIMIT$ TRA9+71 X DOES
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ALT]NATIVE TO1 B N A -PLETE SUB/ITUTE
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4PLAY =! BL1 .?9K .TACTILE6 ,EXAM9E !
4PLAY YRF4 ,IF X'S 3FUS+ 6YR F+]TIPS1
! *.ES >E GD T X W 2 3FUS+ 6! PROB+
F+]TIPS (! BL4


    ,SIMPLIC;Y                     #BG
  ,9 3/RUCT+ A TACTILE 4PLAY1 ! S+LE
MO/ IMPORTANT PR9CIPLE IS SIMPLIC;Y4
,3SID] ! PURPOSE 2H EA* 4PLAY Y >E
3/RUCT+ & PRES5T ONLY ! 9=M,N T IS NEC
63VEY X4 ,= EXAMPLE1 EX]CISES 9 C.T+
FREQU5TLY PORTRAY PICTURES ( ANIMALS
OR OBJECTS Z ! UNITS 6BE C.T$4 ,S*
FIGURES >E DI6ICULT 6P]CV TACTU,Y4 ,!
SAME 9=M,N C 2 REPRES5T$ 9 ! GRAPHIC
0US+ SIMPLE GEOMETRIC %APES1 : >E M
EASILY RECOGNIZ$ TACTU,Y4
  ,ELIM9ATE NONESS5TIAL OR 3FUS+
DETAILS4 ,IF1 H["E1 ! DETAIL IS
IMPORTANT 6! PURPOSE (! GRAPHIC & _C 2
ELIM9AT$1 PRES5T X Z CLE>LY Z POSSI#4
,Y C (T5 A3OMPLI% ? 0EI 5L>G+ SPECIFIC
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"PS4 ,9 ! LATT] CASE1 EA* SEC;N IS
PRES5T$ 9 DETAIL ON A SEP>ATE 4PLAY 9
5L>G$ =M4 ,X IS !N RECOMB9$ )! O!R
SEC;NS 9 A SKELETAL DIAGRAM : GIVES !
OV]VIEW :ILE OMITT+ ! F9] DETAIL T IS
REPRES5T$ 9 ! 5L>G$ SEC;NS4 ,9 ? WAY1
A -PLEX GRAPHIC 9VOLV+ A GD AM.T (
DETAIL C 2 MADE 9TELLIGI# 6! BL US]
)\T OV]:ELM+ HM4 ,:5"E POSSI#1 H["E1
PRES5T ALL (! 9=M,N 9 A S+LE 4PLAY1 Z
! M5TAL RECOMB9+ ( S"EAL 4PLAYS 96A
S+LE "O IS A DI6ICULT TASK 9 XF4 ,? IS
ESPECI,Y TRUE = "Y] /UD5TS4 ,ALW 3SID]
! POPUL,N = :OM ! GRAPHIC IS 2+
3/RUCT$ & REMEMB] T /UD5TS 9 ! UPP]
GRADE LEVELS G5],Y >E A# 6H&LE M
DETAIL ?AN /UD5TS 9 ! L[] GRADE
LEVELS4
  ,MAKE E EF=T 63/RUCT A SIMPLE
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?AN TOO M* 9=M,N 9 A S+LE 4PLAY1 Z
A4I;NAL 9=M,N C (T5 2 GA9$ V]B,Y4 ,9
FACT1 TACTILE GRAPHICS %D 2 REG>D$ Z
SUPPLE;T>Y MAT]IALS1 6BE US$ 9 3JUNC;N
) V]BAL TEXT OR V]BAL -;T>Y4 ,! -B9,N
( ^! TWO =MS ( -MUNIC,N (T5 PROVES M
B5EFICIAL 6! BL /UD5T ?AN EI US$ AL"O4

    ,CLUTT]
  ,A CLUTT]$ DIAGRAM RESULTS :5 TOO _M
TACTILE SYMBOLS >E US$ 9 A 4PLAY1 :5
TOO _M >E PACK$ 96A LIMIT$ >EA1    #BI
OR :5 SIMIL> OR NONCONTRA/+ SYMBOLS >E
PLAC$ ADJAC5T 6"O ANO!R4 ,ALL ( ^!
CASES W RESULT 9 A DIM9U;N ( .3TRA/1 A
DESIGN F1TURE : PROVIDES EASIE/
4CRIM9,N & RECOGNI;N =! TACTUAL R1D]4
,! GRT] ! 3TRA/ 2T ! ELE;TS MAK+ UP A
4PLAY1 ! LESS CLUTT] & 3FU.N W 2
G5]AT$1 &! M R1DILY "U/&A# X W BE4
  ,! EASE ( 4CRIM9AT+ & ID5TIFY+ A
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3TEXT 9 : X IS F.D1 T IS1 ^U !
PHYSICAL "*I/ICS ( O!R F1TURES ) : X
IS SURR.D$4 ,) ? 9 M9D1 SETS ( PO9T1
L9E>1 & >1L SYMBOLS 7 *OS5 = 9CLU.N 9
! KIT BAS$ ON _! MUTUAL 4CRIM9ABIL;Y4
,)9 EA* SET1 ONLY ^? SYMBOLS : CD 2
SU3ESS;LLY 4T+UI%$ F "O ANO!R 0AT L1/
#IE@3P (A SAMPLE ( #FJ BRL R1D+ /UD5TS
7 DEEM$ USE;L =! KIT4 ,9 O!R ^WS1 .)9
EA* SET ! SYMBOLS FEEL DI6]5T4 ,6AID 9
! TACTUAL 4CRIM9,N OR 3TRA/ .2T ! ?REE
SETS ( SYMBOLS1 A HEI<T FACTOR HAS AL
BE5 A4$4 ,TACTUAL P]CEP;N IS HI<LY
S5SITIVE 6DI6];ES 9 ELEV,N4
,3SEQU5TLY1 ! >1L PATT]NS1 :5 EMBOSS$
9 ! FOIL1 >E L[E/ 9 ELEV,N1 ! PO9T
SYMBOLS >E ! HI<E/1 &! L9ES >E G5],Y 9
2T4 ,A GD D1L ( 3TRA/ AM;G ! KIT'S
SETS ( SYMBOLS IS ?US ALR 9CORPORAT$ 9
! DESIGN (! SYMBOLS !MVS4 ,? DOES N1
H["E1 TOT,Y ELIM9ATE ! PRO#M ( CLUTT]4
,= 9/.E1 EV5 SYMBOLS : H BE5 F.D 6BE
TACTU,Y 4CRIM9A# F "O ANO!R MAY 2
3FUS$ IF PLAC$ TOO CLOSELY TGR ON A
4PLAY4 ,? IS ESPECI,Y TRUE (! L9E>
SYMBOLS4 ,N ONLY IS X DI6ICULT 64T+UI%
TWO L9ES T >E CLOSELY SPAC$1 B X IS AL
DI6ICULT 6TRACE !M )! F+]S4 ,ALW
EXAM9E ! L9ES YRF4 ,IF X IS DI6ICULT =
Y 6/AY ON A L9E & FOLL[ X ) YR
F+]TIPS1 !N Y C 2 ASSUR$ T ! GRAPHIC W
2 3FUS+ 6! BL US]4
  ,PRO#MS ( CLUTT] C AL >ISE :5
SYMBOLS F ! .DI6]5T SETS >E PLAC$ TOO
CLOSE 6"O ANO!R4 ,A PO9T SYMBOL : IS
TOO CLOSE 6A L9E MAY 2 H>D] 6ID5TIFY &
9 FACT MAY AL MAKE X M DI6ICULT 6FOLL[
! L9E4 ,A PO9T SYMBOL EMB$D$ 9 AN >1L
PATT]N W 2 H>D] 6LOCATE4 ,Z A RULE (
?UMB1 ALW MA9TA9 A SPAC+ (         #CA
APPROXIMATELY #A/H 9* 7#C ;MM7 2T
ADJO9+ TACTILE SYMBOLS 6REDUCE CLUTT]4
,TRY+ 6PACK M SYMBOLS 96! SAME >EA W
USU,Y N RESULT 9 AN 9CR1SE 9 9=M,N B
R1 F A FUNC;NAL PO9T ( VIEW1 A
DECR1SE4 ,9 FACT1 :5 X IS F1SI#1
SEP>ATE ! SYMBOLS 0M ?AN ! M9IMUM 4T.E
( #A/H 9* 7#C ;MM74 ,Y (T5 C A3OMPLI%
? 05L>G+ ! GRAPHIC & US+ ! .5TIRE
4PLAY >EA4 ,T IS1 ! #AJ-A/B 0#AJ-A/B
9* 7#BG ;CM7 C5T] >EA (! FOIL4 ,H["E1
A M>G9 ( #A/B 9* 7#AC ;MM7 M/ 2 LEFT
ON ALL SIDES 6ALL[ = PROP] !RMO=M+4
  ,Z A F9AL CAU;N 3C]N+ CLUTT]1 X %D 2
NOT$ T LABELS PLAC$ 9 A 4PLAY %D AL 2
SPAC$ NO CLOS] ?AN #A/H 9* 7#C ;MM7
NEXT 6ANY SYMBOL2 & REMEMB] T ! M
LABELS Y 9CLUDE 9 A 4PLAY1 ! M CLUTT]$
X W 2COME4 ,UN.S ! GRAPHIC IS SIMPLE1
X IS BETT] 6USE A KEY4 ,AL AVOID ! USE
( L1D L9ES 3NECT+ LABELS )! ELE;TS 6:
!Y REF]4 ,^! (T5 W 2 3FUS$ )! L9ES
MAK+ UP ! DIAGRAM4 ,IF L1D L9ES >E
US$1 USE A LESS PROM95T L9E S* Z ,L9E
#F4 ,M W 2 SD ( LABEL+ LAT] 9 ? SEC;N4

    ,L9ES
  ,AL? ALL SEV5 (! L9ES PRODUC$ 0!
TOOLS 3TA9$ 9 ! KIT C 2 US$ 9 A S+LE
DIAGRAM1 ? %D 2 AVOID$ :5 POSSI#
6REDUCE ! DIAGRAM'S -PLEX;Y4 ,:5 ONLY
US+ A FEW L9ES 9 A 4PLAY1 *OOSE "OS :
FEEL MAXIM,Y DI6]5T4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF
ONLY TWO L9ES >E NE$$1 USE A SOLID
7,L9E #C OR #D7 &A 4CONT9U\S L9E 7,L9E
#A OR #B74 ,AL TRY 6USE ^! TWO G5]AL
TYPES :5 L9ES M/ 2 PLAC$ CLOSE 6"O
ANO!R1 OR :5 !Y 9T]SECT4 ,A SOLID L9E
LOCAT$ NE> 7OR 9T]SECT+ )7 ANO!R SOLID
L9E W N PROVIDE Z M* 3TRA/ Z WD A
SOLID L9E PLAC$ NEXT 6A DOTT$ L9E4
  ,:5 PLANN+ YR 4PLAY1 DET]M9E :
F1TURES (! 4PLAY >E MO/ IMPORTANT &
REPRES5T !M )! MO/ ATT5;N GETT+ L9ES4
,G5],Y1 X IS AGRE$ T DOTT$ L9ES /& \ !
MO/1 S USE ,L9E #A OR #B Z ! PRIM>Y OR
MAJOR L9E4 ,TAK+ BO? ATT5;NAL PROM9;E
& 3TRA/ 963SID],N1 A R1SONA# ORD] =
*OOS+ ! L9ES 6USE 9 YR 4PLAY IS3
                                   #CC
#A4 ,L9E #A
#B4 ,L9E #C
#C4 ,L9E #B OR ,L9E #D
#D4 ,L9E #D OR ,L9E #B
#E4 ,L9E #E
#F4 ,L9E #F
#G4 ,L9E #G

  ,L9E #F IS A LESS PROM95T L9E &
G5],Y %D 2 US$ ONLY = L9ES ( SECOND>Y
IMPORT.E1 S* Z L1D L9ES 9 LABEL+ OR !
BACKGR.D GRID 9 A GRAPH4 ,L9E #G IS A
SPECIAL PURPOSE L9E1 & AL? X C 2 US$ 9
ANY GRAPHIC SITU,N REQUIR+ A SEV5?
L9E1 X IS PRIM>ILY 9T5D$ 6BE US$ 9
PLACE (! 3V5;NAL VISUAL >R[4 ,:5 !
:EEL ON ! TOOL US$ 6MAKE ? L9E IS
ROLL$ OV] ! FOIL1 X L1VES A SAWTOO?
IMPRES.N4 ,:5 /ROK$ 0! F+]TIP 9 "O
DIREC;N1 ! TACTUAL IMPRES.N IS SMOO!R
?AN T FELT 9 ! OPPOSITE DIREC;N4 ,?
CUE HAS BE5 F.D 6BE USE;L 9 9DICAT+
DIREC;N ( MO;N4 ,9 FACT1 Z ! -PLEX;Y
(A DIAGRAM 9CR1SES1 X HAS BE5 F.D T !
DIREC;NAL L9E L$ 6%ORT] RESPONSE "TS &
FEW] ]RORS ?AN ! VISUAL >R[4 ,USE ( ?
L9E P]MITS LI<T RAYS1 VECTORS1 & PA?S
( MOV+ BODIES 6BE REPRES5T$ 9 A WAY T
IS TACTU,Y M1N+;L4 ,! DIREC;N (! L9E C
2 FELT AT E PO9T AL;G XS L5G?4 ,2C _M
/UD5TS >E N AW>E (! EXI/;E ( ? SYMBOL1
X IS DESIRA# 69CLUDE A %ORT EXPLAN,N
(! L9E 9 A KEY1 S* Z 8,? L9E IS US$ 9
PLACE ( AN >R[4 ,FOLL[ X 9 ! DIREC;N T
X FEELS SMOO!/40 ,IF A VISUAL >R[ IS
US$1 ALW 3/RUCT X 9 ! FOLL[+ WAY3

,A4 ,PLACE ! W+S (! >R[ AT #DE;DG
  ANGLES ) RESPECT 6! L9E T BISECTS
  !M2
,B4 ,MAKE ! W+S #A/D 9* 7#F ;MM7 9
  L5G?1 &
,C4 ,MAKE ! BISECT+ L9E AT L1/ #A/B 9*
  7#AC ;MM7 9 L5G?4 ,ONLY "O TYPE (
  L9E1 EI SOLID OR DOTT$1 %D 2 US$ =!
  5TIRE >R[4

  ,A FEW A4I;NAL PO9T]S ON L9ES3

-- ,:5 L9ES 9T]SECT1 BR1K "O (!    #CE
  L9ES J 5 6ALL[ ! O!R L9E 6PASS "?4
-- ,:5 A L9E APPE>S 9 AN >1L PATT]N1
  MA9TA9 A #A/H 9* 7#C ;MM7 SPAC+ 2T !
  L9E &! PATT]N4
-- ,N"E MAKE A L9E ( LESS ?AN #A/B 9*
  7#AC ;MM7 9 L5G?4 ,L9E #G %D 2 NO
  %ORT] ?AN "O 9* 7#BE ;MM74
-- ,MA9TA9 A SPAC+ ( #A/H 9* 7#C ;MM7
  2T L9ES PLAC$ ADJAC5T 6"O ANO!R4
-- ,A BROAD RAIS$ L9E 7S* Z ,L9E #D7
  HAS BE5 F.D 6FACILITATE ! TASK (
  LOCAT+ & TRAC+ %APES4 ,? IS ESPECI,Y
  TRUE :5 S"EAL DI6]5T %APES >E
  9T]CONNECT$1 S* Z ! /ATES 9 A
  POLITICAL MAP (! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4

    ,PO9T ,SYMBOLS
  ,PO9T SYMBOLS >E US$ 6REPRES5T
SPECIFIC OBJECTS OR LOC,NS ON A 4PLAY1
S* Z A DESK 9 A MAP (A CLASSROOM OR A
C;Y ON A POLITICAL MAP4 ,EXCEPT =
SYMBOL ;,G1 ALL (! PO9T SYMBOLS 9 !
KIT >E AB/RACT 9 DESIGN1 S T ANY
SYMBOL C 2 US$ 6REPRES5T :AT"E Y
*OOSE4 ,! M1N+ (! SYMBOL M/1 "!=E1 ALW
2 EXPLA9$ 9 A KEY OR1 9 A SIMPLE
DIAGRAM1 LABEL$4 ,ALL SEV5 SYMBOLS C 2
US$ 9 ! SAME 4PLAY IF NEC4 ,ONCE AG1
MA9TA9 A #A/H 9* 7#C ;MM7 SPAC+ :5
PLAC+ A PO9T SYMBOL NEXT 6A L9E OR :5
EMB$D+ X 9 AN >1L PATT]N4
  ,SYMBOL ;,G IS A SPECIAL SYMBOL T IS
"PICUL>LY USE;L 9 MOBIL;Y MAPS4 ,X
REPRES5TS A /AIRWAY4 ,BL /UD5TS C FEEL
! TWO LEVELS (! /EPS -POS+ ! SYMBOL &1
3SEQU5TLY1 ! ORI5T,N (A /AIRWAY C
EASILY 2 RECOGNIZ$4 ,2C ONLY SYMBOL
;,G HAS BE5 TE/$ 9 V>I\S ORI5T,NS 9 !
4CRIM9ABIL;Y /UDY1 ALL O!R PO9T
SYMBOLS %D 2 ORI5T$ Z !Y APPE> 9 !
,BRAILON SAMPLE 9 ,SEC;N ,I4

    ,>1L ,PATT]NS
  ,! TEXTURES 9CLUD$ 9 ! KIT C 2 US$
6REPRES5T REGIONS ( EXT5T1 S* Z A BODY
( WAT] 9 A GEOGRAPHICAL MAP OR ! CELL
BODY 9 A BIOLOGICAL DIAGRAM4 ,TEXTURES
%D 2 US$ SP>+LY1 H["E1 Z _! PRES;E
T5DS 6CLUTT] A MAP & 9CR1SES !
DI6ICULTY ( LOCAT+ PO9T SYMBOLS    #CG
& FOLL[+ L9ES4 ,A BRL LABEL C (T5 2
US$ 9 PLACE ( AN >1L PATT]N 6ELIM9ATE
^! PRO#MS4
  ,Z A G5]AL RULE1 D N TEXTURE AN >EA
SMALL] ?AN #A/B 9* 7#AC ;MM7 SQU>E1 Z
? SEEMS 6BE ! M9IMUM SIZE 3DUCIVE
6DEP5DA# RECOGNI;N4 ,2C ( XS F9]
TEXTURE1 ,PATT]N ,I %D 2 US$ = SMALL]
>1S4 ,IF ONLY TWO PATT]NS >E NE$$1 USE
A DOTT$ "O 7,PATT]N ,I OR ,,II7 &A
SOLID "O 7,PATT]N ,,IV7 = MAXIMUM
3TRA/4 ,IF A L9E IS EMB$D$ 9 AN >1L
PATT]N1 USE A PATT]N T IS DI6]5T F !
TEXTURE (! L9E 7= EXAMPLE1 A SOLID
PATT]N )A DOTT$ L9E OR A DOTT$ PATT]N
)A SOLID L9E74 ,:5 S"EAL PATT]NS >E
PLAC$ NEXT 6"O ANO!R1 A L9E LIMIT+ !
BORD]S (! DI6]5T TEXTUR$ >1S W HELP 9
DEF9+ ^? >1S =! SE>*+ F+]TIP4 .,,NOTE3
,PATT]NS ,,III & ,,IV %D ONLY 2 ORI5T$
Z !Y APPE> 9 ! ,BRAILON SAMPLE 9
,SEC;N ,I4


    ,LABEL+
  ,IF A 4PLAY DOES N 9VOLVE _M PO9T1
L9E>1 OR >1L SYMBOLS1 LABELS C 2 PLAC$
9 ! 4PLAY XF1 NEXT 6! ELE;TS 6: !Y
REF]4 ,:5 POSSI#1 D ? )\T ! USE ( L1D
L9ES 63NECT ! LABELS ) _! REF]5TS1 Z
L1D L9ES MAY 2 3FUS$ )! L9ES -POS+ !
GRAPHIC XF4 ,:5 L1D L9ES >E US$1 ,L9E
#F %D 2 EMPLOY$ & 2 NO %ORT] ?AN #A/B
9* 7#AC ;MM7 9 L5G?4 ,X %D 2G9 NO
CLOS] ?AN #A/H 9* 7#C ;MM7 F ! ELE;T
6: X REF]S & 5D AT ! F/ OR LA/ CELL (!
BRL ^W OR ^WS US$ Z A LABEL4 ,IF A L1D
L9E CROSSES A L9E US$ 9 ! GRAPHIC1
BR1K ! .L1D .L9E 6ALL[ ! M IMPORTANT
4PLAY L9E 6PASS "?4
  ,6REIT]ATE1 D N CR[D A DIAGRAM )
LOTS ( BRL1 B AT ! SAME "T1 REMEMB] T
.-PLETE LABEL+ IS IMPORTANT 2C ! /UD5T
NE$S 6"K EXACTLY :AT IS 2+ 9SPECT$4
,:5 ^! TWO PR9CIPLES CLA%1 ! SOLU;N IS
A .KEY1 A K9D ( COD+ SY/EM : ASSIGNS
M1N+S 6LABELS OR SYMBOLS US$ 9 !
4PLAY4 ,A KEY IS SET UP Z A LI/1 )
LABELS OR SYMBOLS PRES5T$ 9 ! LEFT-H&
COLUMN & _! M1N+S 7DESCRIPTIVE     #CI
OR EXPLANATORY MAT]IAL7 PRES5T$ 9 !
"R-H& COLUMN4 ,:5"E POSSI#1 A SAMPLE
(! TACTILE SYMBOL XF 7A "PICUL> PO9T1
L9E1 OR >1L PATT]N7 %D 2 PRES5T$ 9 !
KEY1 Z ? W ELIM9ATE ! NE$ = 9CLUD+ A
LABEL 9 ! 4PLAY1 "!BY REDUC+ CLUTT]4
,D N PLACE ! SYMBOLS 9 BOXES4 ,! L9ES
(! BOX MAY 2 9T]PRET$ Z "P (! SYMBOL
XF4 ,PLACE ! ^W .KEY3 AT ! TOP (! KEY4
,F9,Y1 6REDUCE 3FU.N1 GR\P ! SYMBOLS 9
! KEY 0SYMBOL TYPE 7= EXAMPLE1 PO9TS
AT ! TOP1 L9ES 9 ! MI4LE1 & >1L
PATT]NS AT ! BOTTOM74

  ,IF LABELS >E US$ 9 ! 4PLAY XF1

,A4 ,USE 9DIVIDUAL LRS1 PLAC$ 9
  ALPHABETICAL SEQU;E1 F LEFT 6"R &
  D[N ! PAGE1 S T ! LABEL+ C 2 EASILY
  FOLL[$ "? ! DIAGRAM1 OR
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  REF]R$ TO4 ,! BRL LRS >E !N PRES5T$
  9 ! LEFT-H& COLUMN (! KEY & EXPLA9$
  9 ! "R-H& COLUMN4

  ,IF ROOM ALL[S1 PLACE ! KEY AT !
.BOTTOM (! PAGE1 2L ! GRAPHIC4 ,IF N1
USE AN A4I;NAL PAGE1 & IF B.D 9 A
BOOKLET1 PUT ? KEY ON ! FAC+ PAGE S T
X C 2 REF]R$ 6QKLY & 3V5I5TLY4 ,F9,Y1
PLACE AN APPROPRIATE TITLE AT ! .TOP
(! PAGE1 DIRECTLY ABV ! TACTILE 4PLAY4
,KEEP X BRIEF4 ,USE Z FEW ^WS Z POSSI#
6DESCRIBE ! NATURE (! 9=M,N REPRES5T$
0! GRAPHIC4 ,? W GIVE ! /UD5T A
3CEPTUAL FRAME"W = 9T]PRET+ ! TACTILE
4PLAY4

    ,A4I;NAL ,NOTES
    ,BRL ,LABEL+3
-- ,ORI5T BRL CELLS1 ^WS1 OR S5T;ES
  HORIZONT,Y S T !Y C 2 SCANN$ F LEFT
  6"R4 ,V]TICAL OR DIAGONAL ORI5T,NS
  MAY 3FUSE ! R1D]4
-- ,AVOID EMB$D+ BRL LABELS 9 TEXTUR$
  >1S1 ESPECI,Y DOTT$ TEXTURES4 ,?
  MAKES !M H>D] 6LOCATE & M DI6ICULT
  6R1D4

    ,MAPS 7MOBIL;Y OR              #DA
    GEOGRAPHICAL73
  ,9/1D ( US+ AN >R[ 69DICATE ! NOR?
$GE (A MAP1 EMBOSS A L9E OR >1L PATT]N
7"O : IS N 2+ US$ 9 ! MAP XF7 ACR !
5TIRE NOR!RN M>G9 (! 4PLAY1 & EXPLA9
XS PURPOSE 9 ! KEY4 ,? 3V5;N HAS BE5
F.D 6FACILITATE MAP ORI5T,N4

    ,GRAPHS3
-- ,OMIT GRID L9ES F L9E GRAPHS :5"E
  POSSI#1 S9CE _! PRES;E MAKES X M
  DI6ICULT 6FOLL[ ! DATA CURVES4 ,IF !
  PURPOSE (! DIAGRAM IS M]ELY 6%[ !
  %APE (A CURVE OR CURVES1 GRID L9ES
  >E N NE$$4 ,H["E1 IF EXTRAC;N (
  QUANTITATIVE 9=M,N 3C]N+ PO9TS ON !
  CURVE7S7 ,7OR B>7S7 9 ! CASE ( B>
  GRAPHS7' IS IMPORTANT1 GRID L9ES M/
  2 9CLUD$ & %D 2 REPRES5T$ 0,L9E #F4
  ,IF A .SPECIFIC PLACE ON A DATA
  CURVE IS 9DICAT$1 USE A PO9T SYMBOL
  6ID5TIFY T SPOT EXACTLY4
-- ,USE ,L9E #D =! GRAPH AXES4 ,AT !
  PO9T ": ! TWO AXES 9T]SECT 7!
  ORIG971 PLACE A L>GE DOT 7,PO9T
  ,SYMBOL ;,E74
-- ,SPACE UNIT M>K]S AL;G ! \TSIDE (
  EA* AXIS AT EQUAL 9T]VALS 7A DI6]5T
  9T]VAL C 2 US$ = EA* AXIS71 )A
  .M9IMUM SPAC+ ( #A/B 9* 7#AC ;MM74
  ,MAKE ^! M>K]S #A/D 9* 7#F ;MM7 9
  L5G?1 US+ ! SAME L9E T 0 EMPLOY$ 6=M
  ! AXES 7,L9E #D74 ,IF A GRID IS N
  US$ 9 ! GRAPH1 EXT5D ! M>K]S #A/D 9*
  7#F ;MM7 ON .BO? SIDES (! AXES4
-- ,D N 9CLUDE M ?AN TWO OR ?REE DATA
  CURVES 9 ! SAME GRAPH1 ESPECI,Y IF
  !Y 9T]SECT4
-- ,L1VE A SPACE 2T ADJAC5T B>S 9 B>
  GRAPHS1 ESPECI,Y IF ! B>S >E N
  TEXTUR$4 ,>1L ,PATT]NS ,I & ,,II C 2
  US$ ON ALT]NATE B>S 69CR1SE ! CL>;Y
  ( ADJAC5T B>S4

    ,HELP;L TOOLS3
  ,ACQUIRE A FEW A4I;NAL TOOLS IF Y
WANT 6IMPROVE ! PRECI.N ( YR DRAW+S4
,PLA/IC .TEMPLATES & ,FR5* CURVES >E
AVAILA# =! 3/RUC;N (A WIDE V>IETY (
GEOMETRIC 3FIGUR,NS4               #DC
.,PROTRACTORS >E EXCELL5T =! EXACT
PLOTT+ ( ANGLES1 & .-PASSES >E V USE;L
= DRAW+ CIRCLES ( ANY SIZE4 ,ALL ( ^!
ITEMS C 2 OBTA9$ AT ANY PLACE ":
DRAFT+ EQUIP;T IS /OCK$4

    ,ECONOMICS3
  ,IF ! SIZE (A "PICUL> GRAPHIC 4PLAY
IS 3SID]ABLY SMALL] ?AN ! #AA 0#AA 9*
7#BH 0#BH ;CM7 FOIL SQU>E1 CUT ! FOIL
96PIECES1 US+ ONLY ! AM.T T IS NE$$4
,! PIECE ( FOIL 3TA9+ YR GRAPHIC C !N
2 GLU$ ONTO A %EET ( BRL PAP] ) RU2]
CE;T OR GLUE /ICK4 ,D N COAT ! 5TIRE
PIECE ( FOIL ) GLUE4 ,DAB X ON 9 S"EAL
SPOTS4 ,? W ALL[ ! FOIL 6EXP& & 3TRACT
)\T BUCKL+ :5 SUBJECT$ 6! H1T US$ 9
!RMO=M+4

    ,L[ ,VI.N ,R1D]S3
  ,TACTU,Y 5H.ED GRAPHIC MAT]IALS C 2
V USE;L 6L[ VI.N R1D]S :O EXP]I;E
DI6ICULTY 9 4CRIM9AT+ VISUAL GRAPHICS4
,09K+ ! V>I\S PO9T1 L9E1 & >1L PATT]NS
9 ! ,BRAILON ) DI6]5T COLORS ( 9K 7US+
-M]CI,Y AVAILA# FELT-TIP P5S71 Y C
GRTLY 5H.E A GRAPHIC =! L[ VI.N R1D]4
,PRES5T,N (! SAME 9=M,N 9 .BO? TACTILE
& VISUAL =M W 9CR1SE ! R1DABIL;Y (A
GRAPHIC 4PLAY4

    ,F9AL ,-;T
  ,X %D 2 APP>5T 0? "T T A GD TACTILE
4PLAY REQUIRES =E?"\ & PREP>,N4 ,UN.S
! GRAPHIC IS V SIMPLE1 X IS ALW A GD
PRACTICE 6DESIGN ! 4PLAY ON PAP] 2F
TRANSF]R+ X 6! FOIL BACK+4 ,"! IS
SIMPLY NO SUB/ITUTE = GD PLANN+ &
DESIGN4 ,& REMEMB] 6DESIGN YR 4PLAYS =
TACTUAL R ?AN VISUAL CL>;Y4 ,0C>E;LLY
9SPECT+ ! TACTILE IMAGES ) YR [N
F+]TIPS1 Y W -E 6RECOGNIZE !
POT5TIALITIES & LIMIT,NS (! S5SE (
T\*4 ,S1 :5 DESIGN+ & PRO(+ AN EMBOSS$
4PLAY1 .?9K .TACTILE4




             ,SEC;N ,,III          #DE
        ,9TRODUC+ ,BL ,/UD5TS
        6,R1D+ ,TACTILE ,MAPS

  ,! PURPOSE ( ? SEC;N IS 6PROVIDE !
T1*] )A FRAME"W = 9TRODUC+ /UD5TS ) LL
OR NO USE;L VI.N 6! R1D+ ( TACTILE
MAPS4 ,! PRIM>Y PRO#MS1 3CEPTS1 &
SKILLS NEC = TACTILE MAP R1D+ W 2
4CUSS$4 ,! T1*] W 2 PRES5T$ )! BASIC
9=M,N NEC 69ITIATE A PROGRAM ( 9/RUC;N
= BL /UD5TS :O H NO PREVI\S EXP]I;E 9
R1D+ TACTILE MAPS4

    ,ORI5T,N 6,5VIRON;T
  ,ANY MAP IS AN AB/RACT REPRES5T,N (A
R1L 5VIRON;T4 ,2F BL /UD5TS C USE MAPS
T REPRES5T 5VIRON;TS ) : !Y H _H NO
DIRECT EXP]I;E1 !Y M/ LE>N T ..MAPS C
REPRES5T _! [N P]SONAL .5VIRON;TS4 ,:5
BL *N 5T] S*OOL1 !Y (T5 H AN 9ADEQUATE
K ( _! 5VIRON;TS1 ! OBJECTS 9 !M1 &!
SPATIAL 3CEPTS NEC = "U/&+ ! PHYSICAL
REL,N%IPS 2T OBJECTS & P4 ,9TRODUC+ BL
/UD5TS 6TACTILE MAPS 2F !Y H SU6ICI5T
-PREH5.N ( _! 5VIRON;TS (T5 RESULTS 9
3FU.N & LACK ( MOTIV,N 6USE ! MAPS4
,3SEQU5TLY1 ! T1*]'S F/ TASK IS
6..ORI5T /UD5TS 6_! .5VIRON;TS4 ,? %D
9CLUDE A DETAIL$ PHYSICAL EXAM9,N (!
S*OOL1 "PICUL>LY ! CLASSROOM4
  ,"! >E ?REE IMPORTANT ASPECTS
6ORI5T+ /UD5TS 6_! 5VIRON;TS4 ,F/1 !
/UD5TS NE$ 6BE A# 6ID5TIFY OBJECTS 9 !
5VIRON;T 0"N 7EXAMPLE3 DESK1
RADIATORS1 W9D[S1 CLOSETS1 DOOR7 &
6EXAM9E !M 9 A SY/EMATIC WAY ) _! H&S4
,SECOND1 ! /UD5TS NE$ 6LE>N A SET (
BASIC 3CEPTS & T]MS T W 5A# !M
6DESCRIBE _! 5VIRON;TS4 ,"O SET (
3CEPTS RELATES 6! DESCRIP;N (!
PHYSICAL REL,N%IPS AM;G OBJECTS1 US+
T]MS S* Z F>1 NE>1 NEXT TO1 ON TOP (1
"U1 2S1 LEFT1 "R1 & 2T4 ,"O -MONLY US$
PRODUCT = 9=MAL ASSESS;T (A /UD5T'S
"U/&+ ( BASIC 3CEPTS IS ..,TACTILE
,TR1SURES3 ,MA? & ,LANGUAGE ,3CEPTS =
,"Y ,*N ) ,VISUAL .,IMPAIR;TS1 PUBLI%$
0! ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE =! ,BL4
  ,A ?IRD ASPECT ( ORI5T,N P]TA9S 6!
/UD5TS' ABIL;Y 6GET AB 9 ! IMM     #DG
5VIRON;T4 ,X IS ESS5TIAL 6TRA9 BL
/UD5TS 6NAVIGATE F "O LOC,N 6ANO!R4 ,=
EXAMPLE1 BL /UD5TS %D 2 A# 6TRAVEL
9DEP5D5TLY F ANY PO9T 9 ! CLASSROOM
6ANY O!R PO9T 9 ! CLASSROOM4 ,BL
/UD5TS %D AL 2 A# 6TRAVEL F !
CLASSROOM 6SIGNIFICANT LOC,NS 9 O!R
"PS (! S*OOL BUILD+1 S* Z ! BA?ROOM1
EXITS 9 ! BUILD+1 & WAT] F.TA9S4

    ,BASIC ,TACTUAL ,SKILLS
  ,RESE>* & OBS]V,N ( BL *N EXAM9+
TANGI# OBJECTS & TACTILE 4PLAYS
9DICATE T !Y EXHIBIT S]I\S DEFICI5CIES
9 _! TACTUAL P]CEPTUAL SKILLS4 ,"! >E
S"EAL SPECIFIC AC;NS T C REM$Y ?
SITU,N4 ,:5 A TACTILE 4PLAY IS F/
PRES5T$ 6BL /UD5TS1 ! /UD5TS %D
..DEF9E ! SIZE & EXT5T (! .4PLAY
0TRAC+ ! P]IMET] (! 4PLAY ) BO? H&S4
,!Y %D !N 2 TAU<T 6..EXAM9E ! 4PLAY 9
A SY/EMATIC .WAY 9 ORD] 65SURE -PLETE
COV]AGE (! 4PLAY & 6DET]M9E ! NATURE (
XS SYMBOLOGY4 7,REF] 6,FIGURE #AJ :ILE
R1D+ ! FOLL[+ DESCRIP;N47 ,"O
RECOMM5D$ PROC$URE IS 6H /UD5TS SE>* !
4PLAY F TOP 6BOTTOM US+ TWO H&S4 ,BO?
H&S >E PLAC$ SIDE 0SIDE 9 ! UPP]
LEFT-H& CORN] & MOV$ D[N ! 4PLAY T[>D
! BODY4 ,:5 ! H&S R1* ! BOTTOM (!
4PLAY1 !Y >E RETURN$ 6! TOP LEFT (!
4PLAY4 ,BO? H&S >E !N MOV$ 6! "R1
APPROXIMATELY ! WID? ( TWO H&S1 S !Y C
SE>* ! NEXT SEC;N (! 4PLAY4 ,! PROCESS
( SE>*+ D[N ! MAP & MOV+ 6! "R IS
REP1T$ UNTIL ! 5TIRE 4PLAY HAS BE5
EXAM9$4
  ,MO/ TACTILE 4PLAYS USE RAIS$ L9ES
6REPRES5T V>I\S PHYSICAL & POLITICAL
F1TURES4 ,3SEQU5TLY1 X IS IMPORTANT T
BL R1D]S 2 A# 6.TRACE .A .L9E )A GRT
D1L ( SKILL4 ,DESPITE ! SEEM+
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DI6ICULTY ) ? BASIC SKILL4 ,"O
E6ECTIVE PROC$URE = TRAC+ A L9E IS
6USE ! 9DEX F+]S ( BO? H&S4 ,! L1D
9DEX F+] FOLL[S ! L9E & DET]M9ES !
DIREC;N X IS GO+4 ,! O!R F+] S]VES Z A
REF];E1 TRAIL+ 2H & MA9TA9+ 3TACT )!
L9E4 ,?US1 IF ! /UD5T LOSES 8      #DI
PLACE )! L1D F+] OR 2COMES 3FUS$ 0O!R
SYMBOLS NE> ! L9E1 HE C RETURN 8 L1D
F+] 6! REF];E & PROCE$ F "!4
  ,9 EXAM9+ ANY TANGI# OBJECT OR
TACTILE 4PLAY1 X IS IMPORTANT =! /UD5T
6SY/EMATIC,Y .ANALYZE ! MAT]IALS
0OBS]V+ .4T9CTIVE .F1TURES & 9TEGRAT+
!M 96A :OLE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 LE>N+ !
%APES (! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! /UD5T %D
NOTE ! F1TURES T 4T+UI% "O /ATE F
ANO!R4 ,= EXAMPLE1 "O (! PROM95T
F1TURES (! /ATE ( ,OKLAHOMA IS !
8PANH&LE40 ,SY/EMATIC TRAC+ (! /ATE
MI<T L1D A /UD5T 6DESCRIBE ! %APE (!
/ATE Z A 8RECTANGLE )A H&LE 9 XS UPP]
LEFT-H& CORN]40 ,9SPEC;N ( _M RAIS$
L9E MAPS W QKLY SU7E/ T _M /ATES OR
C.TRIES C 2 "*IZ$ 0_! 4T9CTIVE
F1TURES4 ,H["E1 "S MAY N L5D !MVS Z
EASILY 6? TYPE ( ANALYSIS & O!R
CRIT]IA C 2 US$1 S* Z OV]ALL SIZE &
PROXIM;Y 6O!R /ATES OR C.TRIES4 ,ONCE
A /UD5T HAS LE>N$ ! 4T9CTIVE F1TURES
(A %APE1 HE C LOCATE & ID5TIFY ! %APE
M]ELY 0REMEMB]+ & ..SE>*+ = TWO OR
?REE 4T9CTIVE .F1TURES4 ,X %D 2
EMPHASIZ$ T A /UD5T %D EXAM9E1
REMEMB]1 & SE>* = %APES ON ! BASIS (
_! 4T9CTIVE F1TURES R ?AN ATTEMPT+
6LOOK =! :OLE %APE4 ,9 EXAM9+ RAIS$
L9E %APES1 /UD5TS %D *OOSE "O 4T9CTIVE
F1TURE T W S]VE Z A .REF];E .PO9T S T
Z ! 9DEX F+]S TRACE >.D ! %APE1 !
/UD5TS W "K ": !Y 2GAN & :5 !Y H MADE
"O -PLETE TRAC+ (! %APE4
  ,! 3CEPTS & SKILLS DESCRIB$ ABV CD 2
9TRODUC$ 0US+ SIMPLE GEOMETRIC =MS 9
RAIS$ L9E =M EMBOSS$ ON A BRL PAGE OR
ON A !RMO=M %EET4 ,! /UD5TS CD !N
PRACTICE ..SY/EMATIC SE>*+1 L9E TRAC+1
4T9CTIVE F1TURES .ANALYSIS1 & .LOCAT+
.REF];E .PO9TS4

    ,REPRES5T,N ( ,?REE-,DIM5.NAL
    ,OBJECTS ON A ,TWO-,DIM5.NAL
    ,SURFACE
  ,AN IMPORTANT TRANSI;NAL PO9T =!
E6ECTIVE "U/&+ & UTILIZ,N ( MAPS IS =!
/UD5T 6R1LIZE T ..R1L OBJECTS C 2
PRES5T$ AB/RACTLY ON A             #EA
TWO-DIM5.NAL .SURFACE4 ,"O WAY
6APPROA* ? TOPIC IS 6USE R1L OBJECTS &
REPRES5T !M ON A TACTILE 4PLAY 9 RAIS$
=M4 ,= EXAMPLE1 SOLID WOOD5 %APES
7TRIANGLE1 SQU>E1 CIRCLE7 C 2 PRES5T$
SIMULTANE\SLY ) RAIS$ L9E REPRES5T,NS4
,! /UD5T'S S+UL> TASK WD 2 6RELATE !
SOLID OBJECT 6XS RAIS$ L9E REPRES5T,N4
,A SECOND /EP WD 2 6%[ ! /UD5T T R1L
OBJECTS C 2 REPRES5T$ 0SYMBOLS ON A
4PLAY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 A CIRCLE CD 2
REPRES5T$ 0! LR ;,C 9 BRL OR RAIS$ L9E
CAPITAL LR1 A TRIANGLE 0A LR ;,T1 ETC4
,X IS AL IMPORTANT 6USE -MON OBJECTS
S* Z SPOONS1 BOTTLE CAPS1 OR CO9S1 : C
2 REPRES5T$ 9 ! SAME WAY ON A TACTILE
4PLAY1 )A LR OR BRL SYMBOL = EA*4
  ,AF ! /UD5T HAS ACQUIR$ ! IDEA T
.OBJECTS C 2 REPRES5T$ AB/RACTLY ON A
TACTILE 4PLAY1 ! NEXT /EP IS 6%[ T !
..SPATIAL REL,N%IPS 2T .OBJECTS C 2
REPRES5T$ ON A TACTILE 4PLAY4
,6A3OMPLI% ?1 ! T1*] %D PLACE ?REE
SMALL OBJECTS ON A DESK1 9 A COLUMN
SPAC$ AB #B 9*ES 7#E ;CM7 A"P4 ,!
SPATIAL REL,N%IPS 2T ! OBJECTS C !N 2
DESCRIB$ 0! T1*] :ILE ! /UD5T EXAM9ES
!M ) 8 H&S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF A SPOON1 A
BOTTLE CAP1 &A CO9 7 PLAC$ NEXT 6"O
ANO!R 9 A V]TICAL COLUMN ON A TA#1 !
SPOON CD 2 DESCRIB$ Z 2+ ABV ! BOTTLE
CAP &! CO9 2L ! BOTTLE CAP4 ,! OBJECTS
%D 2 RE>RANG$ S"EAL "TS S T ! /UD5T W
USE A V>IETY ( T]MS 6DESCRIBE DI6]5T
REL,N%IPS S* Z LEFT1 "R1 F>1 NE>1 2T1
& NEXT TO4
  ,ONCE ! /UD5T IS A# 6DESCRIBE !
SPATIAL REL,N%IPS 2T PHYSICAL OBJECTS1
! NEXT /EP IS 6EXHIBIT ^! REL,N%IPS &
_! TACTILE REPRES5T,NS AT ! SAME "T4
,! T1*] C PRES5T ! /UD5T )A S]IES (
?REE OBJECTS1 SIMULTANE\SLY %[+ !
TACTILE 4PLAY1 : USES ! F/ LRS (! "NS
(! OBJECTS Z SYMBOLS4 ,! T1*] C !N
SUB/ITUTE PO9T SYMBOLS =! F/ LR (! "N
S ! /UD5T W 2G9 62COME FAMILI> )! USE
(A DI6]5T SYMBOLOGY4 ,! /UD5T CD !N 2
ASK$ 6DESCRIBE ! REL,N%IP 2T ! OBJECTS
:ILE PO9T+ 6! SYMBOLS ON ! 4PLAY4 ,!
OBJECTS & _! CORRESPOND+ SYMBOLS   #EC
C 2 >RANG$ 9 A V>IETY ( WAYS 6PROVIDE
! /UD5T ) PRACTICE 9 DESCRIB+
REL,N%IPS4

    ,! ,/UD5T'S ,F/ ,MAP
  ,AT ? PO9T ! /UD5T %D 2 R1DY = 8 F/
MAP4 ,? F/ MAP %D REPRES5T AN 5VIRON;T
) : ! /UD5T IS ?OR\<LY FAMILI>1 S* Z !
CLASSROOM4 ,X WD 2 WISE AT ? PO9T
6GIVE ! /UD5T ANO!R GUID$ 8TACTUAL0
T\R (! CLASSROOM4 ,! MAP %D REPRES5T
DESKS & O!R FURNITURE 9 ! CLASSROOM )
GEOMETRIC %APES S* Z SQU>ES1
RECTANGLES1 & CIRCLES OR )! PO9T
SYMBOLS 9CLUD$ 9 ! LI/4 ,X IS
IMPORTANT T ? 9ITIAL MAP 2 KEPT Z
UNCLUTT]$ Z POSSI#4 ,! /UD5T %D F/
LE>N ! %APE & "N T EA* SYMBOL
REPRES5TS 0"PICIPAT+ )! T1*] 9 A
TACTUAL T\R (! MAP & DESCRIB+ :AT IS
F.D4 ,X %D 2 EMPHASIZ$ T ! TACTUAL
SKILLS M5;N$ PREVI\SLY %D 2 TAU<T "H2
"NLY1 A SY/EMATIC EXPLOR,N (! MAP F
TOP 6BOTTOM1 ! TRAC+ (! L9ES (! %APES
)! TWO 9DEX F+]S1 &A 4T9CTIVE F1TURES
ANALYSIS (! %APES & SYMBOLS4
  ,AF ! /UD5T HAS SY/EMATIC,Y EXAM9$ !
MAP & IS A# 6"N & DESCRIBE ! SPATIAL
REL,N%IPS 2T ! SYMBOLS1 ?REE TYPES (
TASKS C 2 9TRODUC$4

#A4 ,! /UD5T C 2 TAK5 6A SPECIFIC
  PIECE ( FURNITURE 9 ! ROOM & !N ASK$
  6LOCATE X ON ! MAP4 ,= EXAMPLE1 !
  /UD5T C 2 TAK5 6! T1*]'S DESK & !N
  ASK$ 6PO9T 6X ON ! MAP4
#B4 ,! /UD5T C 2 %[N A SPECIFIC SYMBOL
  ON ! MAP & !N PHYSIC,Y LOCATE X 9 !
  ROOM4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! T1*] CD PO9T 6!
  SYMBOL ON ! MAP REPRES5T+ ! CLO!S
  CLOSET 7)\T NAM+ X71 & ASK ! *
  6ID5TIFY X & G 6X4
    ,ONCE ! /UD5T IS A# 6ID5TIFY ALL
  SYMBOLS ON ! MAP & LOCATE !M 9 !
  ROOM1 HE %D 2 ASK$ 6SU7E/ A FEW
  A4I;NAL SYMBOLS 6BE A4$ 6! MAP4 ,=
  9/.E1 ! T1*] CD LABEL EA* /UD5T'S
  DESK ON ! MAP )! F/ LR ( EA* /UD5T'S
  "N 9 BRL OR 9 RAIS$ L9E CAPITAL LR4
  ,AG1 ! /UD5T %D LOCATE BO? !     #EE
  NEW SYMBOLS ON ! MAP & _!
  CORRESPOND+ OBJECTS 9 ! ROOM4
#C4 ,! /UD5T %D 2 9TRODUC$ 6! 3CEPT (
  R\TES 7I4E41 H[ 6TRAVEL F "O PO9T 9
  ! CLASSROOM 6ANO!R74 ,! /UD5T %D
  PHYSIC,Y P]=M ! TASK F/ & !N %[ !
  T1*] ) 8 F+]S ON ! MAP H[ HE
  NAVIGAT$ F "O LOC,N 6! NEXT4 ,AL1 !
  /UD5T &/OR ! T1*] C TRACE ! /UD5T'S
  F+] F "O SYMBOL ON ! MAP 6ANO!R & !N
  ASK ! /UD5T 6PHYSIC,Y NAVIGATE T
  R\TE 9 ! CLASSROOM4 ,9 P]=M+ ^!
  TASKS ! /UD5T %D 2 ASK$ 6V]BALIZE !
  RELATIVE POSI;N ( SYMBOLS ON ! MAP &
  OBJECTS 9 ! ROOM4 ,= EXAMPLE1 :5
  SITT+ AT MY DESK ! DOOR 6! CLASSROOM
  IS .T[>D ! .FRONT (! ROOM ON ! ."R
  SIDE1 .OPPOSITE ! T1*]'S DESK4 ,? W
  5A# ! /UD5T 6LE>N 6GIVE DIREC;NS Z
  WELL Z "U/& DIREC;NS4

    ,EXP&+ ! ,MAP
  ,ONCE ! /UD5T HAS DEMON/RAT$ 8 "U/&+
(! 9ITIAL MAP1 X C 2 EXP&$ 69CLUDE !
HALLWAYS & FLOOR PLAN (! BUILD+ NE> !
/UD5T'S CLASSROOM4 ,AG1 SIGNIFICANT
F1TURES S* Z BA?ROOMS1 EXITS1 WAT]
F.TA9S1 & MA9 (FICES1 %D 2 REPRES5T$
AT ! 2G9N+4 ,! SAME PROC$URES %D 2
FOLL[$3 GIV+ ! /UD5T A TACTUAL T\R (!
HALLWAYS1 FOLL[$ 0A TACTUAL T\R (!
TACTILE MAP1 NAM+ ! SIGNIFICANT
F1TURES ON ! MAP1 & -PLET+ ! NAVIG,N
TASKS4 ,M DETAILS C 2 A4$ 6! MAP AT !
/UD5T'S SU7ES;NS4
  ,MAPS C 2 MADE ( O!R >1S (! S*OOL1
S* Z ! PLAYGR.D1 CAFET]IA1 &
DORMITORY4 ,H["E1 A ?OR\< FAMILI>IZ,N
& DETAIL$ EXAM9,N (! PHYSICAL 5VIRON;T
%D PREC$E ! 9TRODUC;N ( ANY MAP4 ,X IS
IMPORTANT T ! T1*] N ASSUME T /UD5TS
>E FAMILI> ) AN 5VIRON;T J 2C !Y APPE>
6BE -PET5T 9 P]=M+ C]TA9 TASKS )9 X4
,= EXAMPLE1 J 2C ! BL /UD5T IS A# 65T]
! D9+ HALL1 F9D A S1T1 & EAT
GRACE;LLY1 DOES N M1N T ! /UD5T HAS A
3CEPT (! OBJECTS & PHYSICAL "*I/ICS (!
.:OLE ROOM4
  ,ONLY AF /UD5TS H _H EXT5SIVE
PRACTICE ) MAPS T REPRES5T _! [N   #EG
5VIRON;T C ! T1*] 2G9 69TRODUCE MAPS (
5VIRON;TS ) : !Y H N"E _H 3TACT4

    ,SUMM>Y & ,3CLU.NS
  ,PRIM>Y PRO#MS1 3CEPTS1 & SKILLS NEC
= R1D+ TACTILE MAPS H BE5 4CUSS$ &
9CLUDE ! FOLL[+3

#A4 ,ORI5T,N 6P]SONAL 5VIRON;TS
#B4 ,ID5TIFIC,N ( OBJECTS & _!
  PHYSICAL REL,N%IPS
#C4 ,GEOGRAPHICAL 3CEPTS
#D4 ,DEF9+ ! EXT5T (! MAP
#E4 ,SY/EMATIC SE>*
#F4 ,L9E TRAC+
#G4 ,ANALYZ+ 4T9CTIVE F1TURES
#H4 ,SE>*+ = 4T9CTIVE F1TURES
#I4 ,REF];E PO9TS
#AJ4 ,TANGI# REPRES5T,N (
  ?REE-DIM5.NAL OBJECTS ON A
  TWO-DIM5.NAL SURFACE
#AA4 ,TANGI# REPRES5T,N ( SPATIAL
  REL,N%IPS
#AB4 ,USE ( SYMBOLOGY
#AC4 ,/UD5T'S F/ MAP
#AD4 ,R\TES
#AE4 ,EXP&+ ! F/ MAP

  ,! T1*] MAY NOTE T _M (! 3CEPTS &
SKILLS NEC = R1D+ TACTILE MAPS >E
IMPORTANT = R1D+ O!R TYPES ( TACTILE
4PLAYS1 S* Z GRAPHS & DIAGRAMS4

















             ,APP5DIX ;,A          #EI

         ,SAMPLES ( ,TACTILE
           ,GRAPHIC ,4PLAYS

  ,9 ORD] 6GIVE Y A BETT] IDEA ( H[
6DESIGN AN E6ECTIVE TACTILE 4PLAY1
S"EAL SAMPLES H BE5 9CLUD$ 9 ? SEC;N4
,X %D 2 NOT$1 H["E1 T ^! EXAMPLES >E
9T5D$ ONLY Z HELP;L TOOLS 6GET Y ?9K+
AB TACTILE DESIGN & D N PRET5D 6COV]
ALL (! DESIGN PRO#MS : MAY >ISE4 ,EA*
SAMPLE 9CLUDES

,A4 ,A POOR TACTILE REPRES5T,N (A
  "PICUL> GRAPHIC1
,B4 ,AN ANALYSIS (! PRO#MS : MAKE X A
  POOR TACTILE IMAGE1 &
,C4 ,AN IMPROV$ TACTILE REPRES5T,N ( T
  GRAPHIC4

  ,2G9 ) ,SAMPLE ;,A4 ,C>E;LLY EXAM9E
! F/ TACTILE 4PLAY ) YR EYES & F+]S &
?9K AB WAYS T X MI<T 2 IMPROV$4 ,!N G
6! NEXT PAGE & -P>E YR ANALYSIS )!
AU?OR'S4 ,F9,Y1 EXAM9E ! IMPROV$ 4PLAY
) YR F+]TIPS1 NOT+ ! GRT] TACTUAL
CL>;Y T IS A*IEV$ "? GD DESIGN4 ,REP1T
? PROC$URE = ,SAMPLES ;,B & ;,C4

    ,SAMPLE ;,A3 ,POOR
  ,! TACTILE 4PLAY ON ! NEXT PAGE
9VOLVES A GRAPH ( FICTITI\S DATA T
DEMON/RATES ! REL,N%IP 2T HE>T RATE1
TYPE ( TASK 7= EXAMPLE1 DI6]5T =MS (
EX]CISE71 & "T ON TASK4 ,? GRAPH IS AN
EXAMPLE ( POOR TACTILE GRAPHIC DESIGN4
,ASK YRF :AT PRO#MS EXI/ )9 ! GRAPHIC
& H[ WD Y REM$Y !M4 ,SEE SU7E/$
SOLU;NS4

    ,,SAMPLE ,A3
    ,PRO#MS & ,SOLU;NS
  .,PRO#M .#A3 ,! MAJOR DRAWBACK ( ?
4PLAY IS CLUTT]1 DUE 6! CR[D+ (
SYMBOLS &! LACK ( SU6ICI5T 3TRA/ 2T
ADJAC5T SYMBOLS4
  .,SOLU;N3 ,5L>GE ! 4PLAY & USE L9ES
T BETT] 3TRA/ ) "O ANO!R4

  .,PRO#M .#B3 ,! AXES D N 3TRA/   #FA
WELL )! BRL NUM]ALS OR ! GRID4
  .,SOLU;N3 ,USE A WIDE SOLID L9E =!
AXES4

  .,PRO#M .#C3 ,! BRL NUM]ALS >E TOO
CLOSELY 6! AXES4
  .,SOLU;N3 ,PLACE UNIT M>K]S AL;G !
AXES & POSI;N BRL NUM]ALS NEXT 6!M1
MA9TA9+ #A/H 9* 7#C ;MM7 SPAC+4

  .,PRO#M .#D3 ,! GRID L9ES >E TOO
PROM95T & TOO CLOSE 6! DATA CURVES1
MAK+ X DI6ICULT 6FOLL[ ! DATA CURVES
TACTU,Y4
  .,SOLU;N3 ,USE ,L9E #F =! GRID2
MA9TA9 #A/H 9* 7#C ;MM7 SPAC+ 2T !
DATA CURVES &! GRID L9ES4

  .,PRO#M .#E3 ,X IS TACTU,Y DI6ICULT
63NECT ! LABELS )! DATA CURVES 6: !Y
REF]4
  .,SOLU;N3 ,USE A KEY4

  .,PRO#M .#F3 ,! 8,HE>T ,RATE0 LABEL
=! ;Y-AXIS 7ORD9ATE7 IS ORI5T$
V]TIC,Y1 MAK+ X DI6ICULT 6R1D4
  .,SOLU;N3 ,ORI5T ! LABEL HORIZONT,Y4

  .,PRO#M .#G3 ,! 4PLAY HAS NO TITLE4
  .,SOLU;N3 ,PLACE A BRIEF TITLE ABV !
4PLAY4

  ,SAMPLE ;,A3 ,GD
  ,! TACTILE 4PLAY IS AN IMPROV$
REPRES5T,N (! GRAPH4 ,X 9CORPORATES !
SOLU;NS RECOMM5D$ = EA* PRO#M 5C.T]$ 9
,SAMPLE ;,A3 ,POOR4

    ,SAMPLE ;,B3 ,POOR
  ,! TACTILE 4PLAY %[S ! 3T95T ( ,S\?
,AM]ICA4 ,9=M,N 3C]N+ ! POLITICAL
B.D>IES (! ,S\? ,AM]ICAN C.TRIES1 _!
CAPITAL CITIES1 &! REGIONAL 4TRIBU;N (
RA9FALL IS DEPICT$4 ,9 ! ORIG9AL
VISUAL 4PLAY1 ?REE DI6]5T COLORS 7 US$
6DENOTE ! AM.T ( RA9FALL O3URR+ 9
V>I\S "PS (! 3T95T4 ,ASK YRF :AT
PRO#MS EXI/ )9 ! GRAPHIC & H[ WD Y
REM$Y !M4 ,SEE SU7E/$ SOLU;NS4
    ,SAMPLE ;,B3                   #FC
    ,PRO#MS & ,SOLU;NS
  .,PRO#M .#A3 ,! MAJOR PRO#M ) ?
4PLAY IS XS -PLEX;Y4 ,TOO M* 9=M,N IS
PACK$ 96! 4PLAY1 RESULT+ 9 A GD D1L (
CLUTT]4
  .,SOLU;N3 ,MAKE .TWO SEP>ATE MAPS1
"O %[+ ! POLITICAL B.D>IES (! C.TRIES1
! O!R %[+ ! RA9FALL >1S4 ,9CLUDE !
CAPITALS 9 .BO? MAPS S T !Y C 2 US$ Z
REF];E PO9TS = CROSS -P>ISONS 2T ! TWO
MAPS4

  .,PRO#M .#B3 ,! PO9T SYMBOLS US$
6DEPICT ! CAPITALS >E PLAC$ TOO CLOSE
6! L9E> SYMBOLS &! >1L PATT]NS4
  .,SOLU;N3 ,GA9 A4I;NAL SPACE 05L>G+
! MAPS1 US+ Z M* (! FOIL Z POSSI#4

  .,PRO#M .#C3 ,! %APES (! RA9FALL >1S
DEPICT$ 0! DI6]5T >1L PATT]NS >E N
EASILY 4C]N$4
  .,SOLU;N3 ,\TL9E ! B.D>IES (! V>I\S
RA9FALL >1S )A L9E> SYMBOL4

  .,PRO#M .#D3 ,! LABELS & GUIDEL9ES
9CR1SE ! MAP'S CLUTT]4
  .,SOLU;N3 ,USE A KEY4

  .,PRO#M .#E3 ,-PLEX DIREC;NAL -PASS4
  .,SOLU;N3 ,SIMPLIFI$ ,NOR? 9DICATOR4

    ,SAMPLE ;,B3 ,GD
  ,! TACTILE 4PLAYS ILLU/RATE H[
6DIVIDE A -PLICAT$ GRAPHIC 96SEP>ATE
"PS4 ,! F/ !RMO=M$ PAGE %[S !
KEY/LEG5D T PROVIDES ! M1N+ = EA*
A2REVI,N1 PO9T SYMBOL1 & L9E PA?
5C.T]$ 9 ! ,SAMPLE ;,B 7,"P #A74 ,?
GRAPHIC 4PLAY %[S ONLY ! CAPITAL
CITIES ( EA* ,S\? ,AM]ICAN C.TRY4
,NOTICE H[ ! KEY/LEG5D IS ON ! FAC+
PAGE1 6! LEFT (! ACTUAL TACTILE MAP4
  ,SAMPLE ;,B 7,"P #B7 %[S ! 4TRIBU;N
( AV]AGE ANNUAL RA9FALL 9 ,S\?
,AM]ICA4 ,BRL A2REVI,NS (! C.TRIES >E
N REP1T$ 9 ? GRAPHIC4 ,! KEY/LEG5D T
APPE>S ON ! SAME PAGE Z ! TACTILE MAP
9DICATES ! M1N+ = EA* >1L PATT]N4

    ,SAMPLE ;,C3 ,POOR             #FE
  ,! TACTILE 4PLAY ILLU/RATES !
REFRAC;N ( LI<T B1MS 03VEX & 3CAVE
L5SES4

    ,SAMPLE ;,C3 ,GD
  ,! 4PLAY %[S AN IMPROV$ V].N (
,SAMPLE ;,C4 ,L9E #G 7.DIREC;NAL .L9E7
IS US$ 9/1D ( VISUAL >R[S 6REPRES5T !
PA?S TRAVEL$ 0! B1MS ( LI<T4















             ,APP5DIX ;,B

 ,,APH ,TACTILE ,GRAPHICS ,GUIDEL9ES
  ,! FOLL[+ GUIDEL9ES 7 DEVELOP$ \ (
AN ,,APH "W-%OP 9VOLV+ ,NANCY ,AMICK1
,JANE ,CORCORAN1 & ,FR$]ICK ,OTTO 9
,JULY #AIIG4

    ,GUIDEL9ES = ,DESIGN ( ,TACTILE
    ,GRAPHICS
    ,G5]AL
#A4 ,DECIDE IF A TACTILE GRAPHIC NE$S
    6BE MADE AT ALL4 ,OMIT ! GRAPHIC
    IF X DOESN'T 3VEY ESS5TIAL 3T5T4
  A4 ,3SID] US+ A DESCRIP;N 6REPLACE
    ALL OR "P (A GRAPHIC4
  B4,REMEMB] T *N NE$ 6BUILD UP
    TACTILE SKILLS ) SIMPLE FIGURES4
    ,3SID] PROVID+ GRAPHICS 9 *N'S
    BOOKS EV5 IF !Y >E N NE$$ = 3T5T4
#B4 ,GRAPHICS %D 2 TACTU,Y CLE> & 3TA9
    ONLY RELEVANT 9=M,N1 BAS$ ON AN
    "U/&+ ( :AT IS 2+ TAU<T & :AT !
    /UD5T'S TASK IS4 ,VISUAL 9=M,N T
    IS IRRELEVANT 6! M1N+ OR PURPOSE
    %D 2 OMITT$4                   #FG
#C4 ,GRAPHICS %D 2 REDRAWN 9 #B
    DIM5.NS ": POSSI#1 )! EXCEP;N ( "S
    MA!MATICAL & SCI5TIFIC DIAGRAMS4
  A4 ,REPLACE #C-DIM5.NAL FIGURES )
    CROSS-SEC;NS OR FRONT-SIDE-TOP
    VIEWS :5"E POSSI#4
  B4 ,LOOK = P]SPECTIVES T ALL[ Y
    6REDO A #C-;,D PR9T PICTURE 9
    #B-;,D4
#D4 ,FOLL[ ! ,BRL ,AU?OR;Y ( ,NOR?
    ,AM]ICA'S 7,,BANA7 8,GUIDEL9ES =
    ,MA!MATICAL ,DIAGRAMS40 ,9 CASES
    ": A GRAPHIC HAS BE5 REPLAC$ 0A
    TA# OR *>T1 USE 8,BRL ,CODE =
    ,COLUMN$ ,MAT]IALS & ,TA#S40

    ,DESIGN
#A4 ,AVOID CLUTT] & SIMPLIFY4
  A4 8,CLUTT]0 O3URS :5 DI6]5T SYMBOLS
    & L9ES >E S CLOSE OR S SIMIL> T !Y
    2COME H>D 64T+UI%4 ,SPAC+ IS ! KEY
    6AVOID+ CLUTT]4
  B4 ,SYMBOLS & L9ES CLOS] ?AN #A/D0
    MAY 2 H>D 6TELL A"P1 DEP5D+ ON !
    M$IUM & TOOLS 2+ US$4
  C4 ,%APES ) SIDES LESS ?AN #A/B L;G
    MAY N 2 RECOGNIZA#4
  D4 ,4TORT ! SPAC+ OR %APE (! ORIG9AL
    PICTURE IF NEC 6ALL[ UNCLUTT]$
    SPAC+ (! TACTILE ELE;TS1 PROVID+ ?
    WD N VIOLATE ! PURPOSE (! PICTURE4
  E4 8,SIMPLIFY0 M1NS 6ELIM9ATE UNNEC
    ELE;TS (! ORIG9AL PICTURE4 ,FOCUS
    ON ! RELEVANT "PS & OMIT DETAILS T
    >E PURELY DECORATIVE OR 4TRACT+4
  F4 ,:5 ! PR9T PICTURE 9CLUDES P1
    ANIMALS1 OBJECTS1 ETC41 REPLACE !M
    ) SIMPLE L9ES1 SYMBOLS1 &/OR
    LABELS 7E4G41 USE ! LABEL 8H&0
    9/1D ( DRAW+ A H&74
#B4 ,SPLIT -PLICAT$ GRAPHICS 96SEP>ATE
    DRAW+S %[+ LAY]S ( 9=M,N1 OR 96AN
    OV]VIEW & DETAIL$ VIEW4
  A4 ,EXPLA9 ! SEP>,N 9 A TRANSCRIB]'S
    NOTE4
  B4 ,C>RY OV] "S LABELS & -MON PO9TS
    F "O DRAW+ 6ANO!R = REF];E4
#C4 ,9 G5]AL1 USE TEXTURE SP>+LY &
    ONLY 6ADD 9=M,N4
#D4 ,:5 NEC 6AVOID 3FU.N OR        #FI
    6GIVE IMPORTANT 9=M,N1 DI6]5TIATE
    2T BODIES ( WAT] & L& ON MAPS 0US+
    A DI6]5T >1L SYMBOL 7TEXTURE74
  A4 ,USE A V L[1 CLOSELY SPAC$
    TEXTURE = WAT]4
  B4 ,AN >1L TEXTURE 9DICAT+ OC1N %D
    EXT5D F> 5 6BE P]CVD Z A 3T9U+
    EXPANSE1 B NE$ N FILL ! 5TIRE
    PAGE4

    ,SYMBOLS 7,L9ES1 ,PO9TS1 &
    ,TEXTURES7
#A4 ,LIMIT ! L9ES1 PO9TS1 & SYMBOLS ON
    A DRAW+ 6"OS T C 2 EASILY ID5TIFI$
    "O F ANO!R 0T\*4
  A4 ,USE ! MO/ PROM95T SYMBOLS =! MO/
    IMPORTANT F1TURES 9 ! GRAPHIC4
    ,DON'T ALL[ HI< OR 8NOISY0
    TEXTURES 6DRAW ATT5;N AWAY F ! KEY
    F1TURES4
  B4 ,FEEL ! COPY (! GRAPHIC ! R1D] W
    RCV 6SEE IF Y C FOLL[ ALL L9ES4
#B4 ,2 3SI/5T 9 US+ SYMBOLS )9
  GRAPHICS (! SAME TYPE )9 ! SAME
  TRANSCRIP;N 7E4G41 ALW USE ! SAME
  SYMBOL = WAT] ON MAPS74
#C4 ,USE DI6]5T TACTILE SYMBOLS =
  DI6]5T TYPES ( 9=M,N 7E4G41 9 A MAP
  (! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! TACTILE L9E US$
  69DICATE /ATE BORD]S %D 2 DI6]5T F !
  TACTILE L9E US$ 69DICATE 9T]N,NAL
  BORD]S74
#D4 ,L9ES1 PO9TS1 & BRL M/ 2 PHYSIC,Y
    SEP>AT$ 0AT L1/ #A/H04
  A4 ,? MAY NE$ 6BE #A/D01 DEP5D+ ON !
    M$IUM & SYMBOLS US$4
  B4 ,APPLY ! #A/H0 SEP>,N RULE 6ALL
    F1TURES T >E SEP>ATE1 EV5 IF DO+ S
    9TRODUCES "S SPATIAL 4TOR;N4

    ,L1D ,L9ES
#A4 ,USE L1D L9ES ONLY Z A LA/ RESORT4
  ,USE KEYS OR NOTES Z ALT]NATIVES4
#B4 ,D N USE >R[S Z L1D L9ES4
#C4 ,! L9E> SYMBOL US$ = L1D L9ES %D 2
    DI6]5T F ANY O!R L9ES US$ 9 !
    GRAPHIC & %D 2 TACTU,Y 4T9CTIVE B
    LESS PROM95T4
  A4 ,A L1D L9E %D 2G9 Z CLOSE Z
    POSSI#1 )\T CAUS+ 9T]F];E1     #GA
    6EI ! F/ OR ! LA/ LR 9 ! LABEL1 &
    %D 5D Z CLOSE Z POSSI# 6! F1TURE
    2+ LABEL$4
  B4 ,BR1K ! L9ES (! GRAPHIC 6ALL[ L1D
    L9ES "?4

    ,LABELS
#A4 ,EXPLA9 & DEF9E ALL GRAPHIC
  SYMBOLS1 EI ON ! SAME PAGE1 FAC+
  PAGE1 OR SPECIAL SYMBOLS PAGE4
#B4 ,ID5TIFY ALL IMPORTANT F1TURES
  7E4G41 CAPITALS1 BODIES ( WAT]1 EV5
  ?+S N LABEL$ 9 ! PR9T V].N4 ,PLACE
  TITLES AT ! TOP (! PAGE4 ,D N MAKE
  UNLABEL$ GRAPHICS4 7,"! MAY 2
  EXCEP;NS 9 "S TE/+ SITU,NS47
#C4 ,PLACE LABELS 9 A MANN] T L1VES !
  R1D] NO D\BT Z 6:AT IS 2+ ID5TIFI$4
  ,S+LE LRS ON ! GRAPHIC %D 2 PREC$$
  0EI ! LR SIGN OR ! CAPITAL SIGN4
#D4 ,USE TWO-LR ,U4,S4 PO/AL CODES ":
  APPLICA# 7& O!R TWO-LR CODES ":
  PO/AL CODES >E N APPLICA#7 = LABELS
  ON MAPS4
#E4 ,^WS 9 LABELS NE$ N 2 CAPITALIZ$
  IF _! M1N+ W N 2 3FUS$4
#F4 ,USE ,GRADE #B BRL 3TRAC;NS 9
  LABELS4
#G4 ,A TWO-CELL BRL SYMBOL IS PREF]A#
  6A "O-CELL SYMBOL = LABELS4
#H4 ,TRY N 6BR1K ! 9TEGR;Y (A %APE )A
  BRL LABEL 7E4G41 ! BORD] (A /ATE )
  XS BRL LABEL74

    ,9DICATORS & ,SCALE
#A4 ,9 A TRANSCRIP;N ": NOR? IS AT !
  TOP (! PAGE ON ALL MAPS1 9DICATE ? 9
  A PREFACE & D N 9DICATE NOR? ON EA*
  MAP4 ,ON S+LE MAPS1 OR :5 NOR? IS N
  ! TOP (! PAGE1 9DICATE DIREC;N 0US+
  A SIMPLE >R[ LABEL$ ;,N4
#B4 ,POSI;N SCALE & O!R 9DICATORS Z
  3SI/5TLY Z POSSI#1 PREF]ABLY AT !
  TOP ( TACTILE GRAPHICS4
#C4 ,:5 X IS NEC 6*ANGE ! SCALE1 ?
  FACT MAY NE$ 6BE 9DICAT$ 9 A
  TRANSCRIB]'S NOTE4


    ,PRELIM9>Y ,9=M,N              #GC
  ,PLACE ALL TITLES1 KEYS1 & LEG5DS 2F
! GRAPHIC4 ,AU?OR'S KEYS & LEG5DS
PREC$E ! TRANSCRIB]'S KEYS & LEG5DS4
,IF "! IS N ROOM ON ! PAGE )! GRAPHIC1
PLACE ON PREC$+ PAGE4
  .,REMEMB]3 ,FEEL E GRAPHIC Y MAKE 2F
S5D+ X ON4 ,IF Y C'T ID5TIFY XS
F1TURES1 YR R1D] PROBABLY C'T EI6
















             ,APP5DIX ;,C

     ,S\RCES ( ,TACTILE ,GRAPHIC
          ,RELAT$ ,PRODUCTS

    ,TACTILE ,GRAPHIC ,RELAT$
    ,PRODUCTS ,AVAILA# F ,,APH
    ,BASIC ,TACTILE ,ANATOMY ,ATLAS
    7#A-JHHDE-JJ7
  ,/UDY ! HUMAN BODY ) ? TWO-VOLUME
SET ( !RMO-=M$ GRAPHICS4 ,! SKELETAL1
MUSCUL>1 N]V\S1 5DOCR9E1 C>DIOVASCUL>1
LYMPHATIC1 RESPIRATORY1 DIGE/IVE1
UR9>Y1 & REPRODUCTIVE SY/EMS >E ALL
TACTU,Y DIAGRAM$ & -PLE;T$ 0BRL
DESCRIP;NS & BRL & PR9T LABELS4

    ,BRL ,TRANSCRIB]'S ,KIT3 ,MA?
    7#A-JDAJJ-JJ7
  ,TRANSCRIBE FIGURES -MON 6ELE;T>Y
MA? BOOKS ) ? COLLEC;N ( EMBOSS$
DRAW+S4 ,! 9CLUD$ MA/] %EETS 3TA9
RAIS$ L9E DRAW+S ( RUL]S1 NUMB] L9ES1
PROTRACTORS1 !RMOMET]S1 CLOCK FACES1 &
C 2 !RMO=M$ 6PROVIDE MULTIPLE COPIES4
    ,FEEL 'N ,PEEL ,/ICK]S         #GE
,ASSORT$ 7#A-JHHDC-JJ7
,PO9T ,SYMBOLS 7#A-JHHDF-JJ7
,FACES 7#A-JHHDG-JJ7
,REW>D ,/ATE;TS 7#A-JHHDH-JJ7
,BRL/,PR9T ,ALPHABET 7#A-JHHDI-JJ7

  ,? COLLEC;N ( ADHESIVE-BACK$1
COLOR;L1 & TACTILE /ICK]S >E EASY 6USE
& FUN1 TOO6 ,J PEEL !M (F & APPLY !M
6A V>IETY ( SURFACES = LABEL+ PURPOSES
9 ! CLASSROOM OR AT HOME4

    ,GEOMETRY ,TACTILE ,GRAPHICS ,KIT
    7#A-JHHDA-JJ7
  ,? SET ( #BF :ITE PLA/IC !RMO=M$
%EETS W HELP ! US] REPRES5T 3CEPTS1
FIGURES1 & REL,N%IPS -MON 6MO/
GEOMETRY TEXTBOOKS4 ,H\S$ 9 A ?REE-R+
B9D]1 ! %EETS 3TA9 A TOTAL ( #EB
DRAW+S1 : >E L>GE 5 = /UD5TS 6M1SURE4
,AL 9CLUD$ >E TWO SPECI,Y ADAPT$
PROTRACTORS &A T1*]'S GUIDE 9 PR9T &
BRL4

    ,! ,GD ,TACTILE ,GRAPHIC3 ,A
    ,TWO-,TAPE ,VIDEO ,PRES5T,N &
    ,BOOKLET 7#A-CJJJF-JJ7
  ,? PRES5T,N & BOOKLET W HELP
TRANSCRIB]S MAKE A BETT] TACTILE
GRAPHIC6 ..,! ,GD ,TACTILE .,GRAPHIC
KIT 9CLUDES TWO ,,VHS VIDEOTAPES1 ..,!
,GD ,TACTILE .,GRAPHIC 7#BJ M9UTES7 &
..,CR1T+ ! ,GD ,TACTILE .,GRAPHIC 7#BE
M9UTES74

    ;,O & ;,M ,TACTILE ,GRAPHICS
    7#A-BJAJJ-JJ7
  ,? SET ( MAT]IALS PROVIDES A PLAT=M
= T1*+ & PRACTIC+ S* NEC MOBIL;Y
3CEPTS Z -PASS DIREC;NS1 CLOCK LOC,NS1
NAVIGAT+ ROOMS & HALLWAYS1 & NAVIGAT+
/REETS & SIDEWALKS4

    ,PICTURE ,MAK]3 ,:1TLEY ,TACTILE
    ,DIAGRAMM+ ,KIT 7#A-JHHCH-JJ7
  ,? 9T]ACTIVE1 MULTIPURPOSE KIT
-PRISES A FELT-COV]$ BO>D & OV] #AJJ
PIECES ( COLOR;L ,VELCRO 7;,R7 BACK$
PIECES4 ,! ,VELCRO BACK$ PIECES
REPRES5T A MULTITUDE ( %APES1      #GG
SIZES1 & TEXTURES1 & C 2 >RANG$ ^U !
BO>D 6ILLU/RATE A V>IETY ( 3CEPTS1 S*
Z MAPS1 *>TS1 %APES1 & >T4

    ,QK-,DRAW ,PAP] 7#A-JDIFJ-JJ7
  ,MADE ( MAT]IAL T RESPONDS
6WAT]-BAS$ WRIT+ TOOLS1 ,QK-,DRAW
,PAP] PROVIDES A QK & EASY WAY 6CR1TE
A TEMPOR>Y TACTILE GRAPHIC4 ,J DRAW ON
! ,QK-,DRAW PAP] )A WAT]-BAS$ M>K]1 &
:AT"E IS DRAWN W SWELL1 2COM+ 9/ANTLY
TACTUAL4

    ,SWAIL ,DOT ,9V]T] 7#A-JCFAJ-JJ7
  ,DESIGN$ = EMBOSS+ S+LE DOTS1 ? KIT
9CLUDES A SPECIAL METAL /YLUS &A #AB
0#AB 9* RU2] PAD ) : ! US] C 3/RUCT
SIMPLE *>TS1 DIAGRAMS1 GRAPHS1 & MAPS4

    ,TACTILE ,GRAPHICS ,/>T] ,KIT
    7#A-JHHCI-JJ7
  ,? IS A SIMPLE1 US]-FRLY KIT = ^? :O
H M9IMAL EXP]I;E 9 MAK+ TACTILE
GRAPHICS4 ,KIT IS ID1L = MAK+ MAPS (
C.TRIES & 3T95TS1 B> GRAPHS1 PIE *>TS1
& O!R ILLU/R,NS4

    ,TACTILE ,TR1SURES3 ,MA? &
    ,LANGUAGE ,3CEPTS = ,"Y ,*N )
    ,VISUAL ,IMPAIR;TS 7#A-JHHDB-JJ7
  ,"O MAY USE ! PROGRAM Z AN 9=MAL
ASSESS;T & T1*+ TOOL = *N POSSESS+ LL
OR NO VI.N & :O >E AT ! PRES*OOL1
K9D]G>T51 OR ELE;T>Y LEVEL4 ,3TA9+ #GI
!RMO-=M$ %EETS & O!R MAT]IALS1
.,TACTILE .,TR1SURES C 2 US$ 6T1* M
?AN #IJ 3CEPTS 7%APE1 SIZE1 AM.T1 PAGE
POSI;N1 ETC47 HELP;L 9 BUILD+ !
/UD5T'S PRELIM9>Y MA? & V]BAL SKILLS4

    ,TANGI# ,GRAPHS 7#A-JHHFJ-JJ7
  ,DESIGN$ 6T1* /UD5TS 6R1D TACTILE
GRAPHS1 .,TANGI# .,GRAPHS C HELP
FAMILI>IZE /UD5TS 6B> GRAPHS1 CIRCLE
GRAPHS1 & L9E GRAPHS4 ,? -PREH5SIVE
KIT 9CLUDES A ?REE-VOLUME BRL /UD5T
TEXT1 A TWO-VOLUME /UD5T GRAPH TE/1
TE/ ANSW] %EETS1 & REGUL> PR9T T1*]'S
GUIDES 6! /UD5T TEXT & GRAPH TE/S4
    ,O!R ,S\RCES                   #GI
    ,AM]ICAN ,!RMO=M ,CORPOR,N
#AGEH ,BRACKETT ,/REET
,LA ,V]NE1 ,,CA #IAGEJ
,PH"O3 7#HJJ7 #CCA-CFGF OR
7#IJI7 #EIC-FGAA
,FAX3 7#IJI7 #EIC-HJJA
,WEB SITE3 _+WWW.ATCBRLEQP.COM_:

  ,SUPPLI] ( ,SWELL-,=M ,GRAPHICS
,MA*9E2 ,SWELL-,T\* ,PAP]1 ,BRAILON
7;,R7 & !RMO=M MA*9ES4

    ,FREEDOM ,SCI5TIFIC1 ,9C4
#AAHJJ #CA/ ,C\RT ,N4
,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 ,,FL #CCGAF
,PH"O3 7#HJJ7 #DDD-DDDC OR
7#GBG7 #HJC-HJJJ
,WEB SITE3
  _+WWW.FREEDOMSCIENTIFIC.COM_:

  ,PROVID] ( ,GRAPH-,X S(TW>E 6BE US$
) NOTETAK]S & ,,PC'S4


    ,H[E ,PRESS
,P]K9S ,S*OOL =! ,BL
#AGE ,N4 ,B1CON ,/REET
,WAT]T[N1 ,,MA #JBAGB
,PH"O3 7#FAG7 #IBD-CDIJ
,FAX3 7#FAG7 #IBF-BJBG
,WEB SITE3
  _+WWW._PERKINS.PVT.K12.MA.US_:

  ,SUPPLI] ( TRAC+ :EELS & RAIS$ L9E
DRAW+ PAD4

    ,HUMAN,W>E1 ,9C4
#AGE ,MASON ,CIRCLE
,3CORD1 ,,CA #IDEBJ
,PH"O3 7#HJJ7 #GBB-CCIC
,FAX3 7#IBE7 #FHA-DFCJ
,WEB SITE3 _+WWW.HUMANWARE.COM_:

  ,PROVID] ( ,PICTURES 9 A ,FLA%
7,,PIAF7 & CAPSULE PAP]4

    ,REPRO-,TRONICS1 ,9C4
#GE ,C>V] ,AV5UE
,WE/WOOD1 ,,NJ #JGFGE
,PH"O3 7#HJJ7 #IDH-HDEC OR         #HA
7#BJA7 #GBB-AHHJ
,FAX3 7#BJA7 #GBB-AHHA
,WEB SITE3 _+WWW.REPRO-TRONICS.COM_:

  ,SUPPLI] ( ,TACTILE ,IMAGE ,5H.ER1
,!RMO ,P5 ,,II1 ,FLEXI-,PAP]1 &
,TACTILE ,AUDIO,,GRAPHICS

















            ,BIBLIOGRAPHY

  ..,ALDRI*1 ,F4 ,K41 & ,%EPP>D1 .,L4
7#BJJA74 ,TACTILE GRAPHICS 9 S*OOL
$UC,N3 ,P]SPECTIVES F PUPILS4 ..,!
,BRITI% ,J\RNAL ( ,VISUAL .,IMPAIR;T1
#AI 7#B71 #FI-GC4
  ..,ALDRI*1 ,F4 ,K41 & ,%EPP>D1 .,L4
7#BJJA74 ,TACTILE GRAPHICS 9 S*OOL
$UC,N3 ,P]SPECTIVES F T1*]S4 ..,!
,BRITI% ,J\RNAL ( ,VISUAL .,IMPAIR;T1
#AI 7#B71 #IC-IG4
  .,AM5DOLA1 .,R4 7#AIGF74 ,PRACTICAL
3SID],NS 9 TACTILE MAP DESIGN4 .,L;G
.,CANE .,NEWSLR1 #I1 #BB-BD4
  ..,ANGW91 ,J4 ,B4 .,P4 7#AIFH74
,MAPS = MOBIL;Y4 .,NEW .,B1CON1
#EB1AAE-AAI1 #ADC-ADE4
  .,B>?1 .,J4 .,L4 7#AIHB74 ,!
DEVELOP;T & EVALU,N (A TACTILE
GRAPHICS KIT4 ..,J\RNAL ( ,VISUAL
,IMPAIR;T & .,BL;S1 #GF 7#G71
#BFI-BGC4
  .,B]LA'1 .,E4 7#AIGC74 ,/RATEGIES 9
SCANN+ A TACTUAL PSEUDOMAP4 ..,$UC,N
(! ,VISU,Y .,H&ICAPP$1 #E1         #HC
#H-AI4
  .,B]LA'1 .,E4 7#AIGD74 ,TACTUAL
ORI5T,N P]=M.E ( BL *N 9 DI6]5T GRADE
LEVELS4 ..,AM]ICAN ,F.D,N =! ,BL
,RESE>* .,BULLET91 #BG1 #A-AJ4
  ..,B]LA'1 ,E41 & ,BUTT]FIELD1 ,JR41
.,L4 7#AIGG74 ,TACTILE POLITICAL MAPS3
,TWO EXP]I;TAL DESIGNS4 ..,J\RNAL (
,VISUAL ,IMPAIR;T & .,BL;S1 #GA1
#BFB-BFD4
  ..,B]LA'1 ,E41 & ,BUTT]FIELD1 ,JR41
.,L4 7#AIGG74 ,TACTUAL 4T9CTIVE
F1TURES ANALYSIS3 ,TRA9+ BL /UD5TS 9
%APE RECOGNI;N & 9 LOCAT+ %APES ON A
MAP4 ..,J\RNAL ( ,SPECIAL .,$UC,N1
#AA1 #CCE-CDF4
  ..,B]LA'1 ,E41 ,BUTT]FIELD1 ,JR41
,L41 & ,MURR1 .,M4 7#AIGF74 ,TACTUAL
R1D+ ( POLITICAL MAPS 0BL /UD5TS3 ,A
VIDEOMATIC 2HAVIORAL ANALYSIS4
..,J\RNAL ( ,SPECIAL .,$UC,N1 #AJ1
#BFE-BGF4
  ..,B]LA'1 ,E41 & ,MURR1 .,M4
7#AIGD74 ,SE>*+ TACTUAL SPACE4
..,$UC,N (! ,VISU,Y .,H&ICAPP$1 #F1
#DI-EH4
  ..,B]LA'1 ,E41 & ,MURR1 .,M4
7#AIGE74 ,! E6ECTS ( TACTUAL NOISE ON
! LOC,N ( PO9T SYMBOLS & TRACK+ A L9E
ON A TACTILE PSEUDOMAP4 ..,J\RNAL (
,SPECIAL .,$UC,N1 #I1 #AHC-AIJ4
  ..,BLADES1 ,M41 ,UNG>1 ,S41 &
,SP;ER1 .,C4 7#AIII74 ,MAP USE 0ADULTS
) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS4 .,! .,PROFES.NAL
.,GEOGRAPH]1 #EA 7#D71 #ECI4
  .,CAMPBELL1 .,J4 .,S4 7#AIIG74 ,A
CODE = REDUC+ FIGURE-GR.D AMBIGUITIES
9 TACTILE GRAPHICS4 ..,J\RNAL (
,VISUAL ,IMPAIR;T & .,BL;S1 #IA 7#B71
#AGE-HA4
  .,CASEY1 .,S4 7#AIGH74 ,COGNITIVE
MAPP+ 0! BL4 ..,J\RNAL ( ..,VISUAL
,IMPAIR;T & .,BL;S1 #GB1 #BIG-CJA4
  ..,D',ANGIULLI1 ,A41 ,K5N$Y1 ,J4
,M41 & ,HELLE1 ,M4 .,A4 7#AIIH74 ,BL
*N RECOGNIZ+ TACTILE PICTURES RESPOND
L SI<T$ *N GIV5 GUID.E 9 EXPLOR,N4
..,SC&9AVIAN ,J\RNAL ( .,PSY*OLOGY1
#CI 7#C71 #AHG-AIJ4
  ..,EA/ON1 ,R4 ,D41 ,K5$Y1 ,C41   #HE
& ,B5TZ51 ,B4 .,L4 7#AIHJ74 ,TACTILE
P]CEP;N ( ANGLES4 ..,J\RNAL ( ,VISUAL
,IMPAIR;T & .,BL;S1 #GE1 #BEH-BFA4
  .,$MAN1 .,P4 7#AIIB74 .,TACTILE
.,GRAPHICS4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,AM]ICAN
,F.D,N =! ,BL4
  .,FRANKS1 .,F4 7#AIGD74 ..,9TRODUC;N
6MAP /UDY3 ,T1*+ LOC,NAL & DIREC;NAL
REF]5TS 6"Y BL ./UD5TS4 ,DOCTORAL
4S]T,N1 ,GEORGE ,P1BODY ,COLLEGE =
,T1*]S4
  ..,FRANKS1 ,F41 & ,NOLAN1 .,C4
7#AIGJ74 ,DEVELOP;T ( GEOGRAPHICAL
3CEPTS 9 BL *N4 ..,$UC,N (! ,VISU,Y
.,H&ICAPP$1 #B1 #A-H4
  ..,FRANKS1 ,F41 & ,NOLAN1 .,C4
7#AIGA74 ,M1SUR+ GEOGRAPHICAL 3CEPT
ATTA9;T 9 VISU,Y H&ICAPP$ /UD5TS4
..,$UC,N (! ,VISU,Y .,H&ICAPP$1 #C1
#AA-AG4
  .,GOLL$GE1 .,R4 .,G4 7#AIIA74
,TACTUAL /RIP MAPS Z NAVIG,NAL AIDS4
..,J\RNAL ( ,VISUAL ,IMPAIR;T &
.,BL;S1 #HE 7#G71 #BIF-CJA4
  .,H9TON1 .,R4 .,A4 7#AIHH74 ..,NEW
WAYS ) DIAGRAMS3 ,!RMO=M$ TACTILE
DIAGRAMS--,A MANUAL = T1*]S &
.TE*NICIANS4 ,LONDON1 ,5GL&3 ,ROYAL
,N,NAL ,9/ITUTE =! ,BL4
  ..,H9TON1 ,R4 ,A41 & ,H9TON1 .,D4
7#AIII74 ,TACTILE DIAGRAMS =! A#
"UGRADUATE *EMI/RY /UD5T4 ..,J\RNAL (
,VISUAL ,IMPAIR;T & .,BL;S1 #IC 7#G71
#DBI-DCC4
  .,L$]MAN1 .,S4 .,J4 7#AIGH74
8,IMPROV+ "O'S T\*0 ''' & M4 .,P]CEP;N
.& .,PSY*OPHYSICS1 #BD1 #AED-AFJ4
  ..,L$]MAN1 ,S4 ,J41 & ,K9*1 ,D4 .,H4
7#AIGG74 ,TEXTURE 9 TACTUAL MAPS &
GRAPHICS =! VISU,Y H&ICAPP$4 ..,J\RNAL
( ,VISUAL ,IMPAIR;T & .,BL;S1 #GC1
#BAG-BBG4
  ..,NOLAN1 ,C41 & ,MORRIS1 .,J4
7#AIGA74 ..,IMPROVE;T ( TACTUAL
SYMBOLS = BL *N3 ,F9AL .,REPORT4
,L\ISVILLE1 ,K5TUCKY3 ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+
,H\SE =! ,BL4
  .,O',DONNELL1 .,M4 .,G4 7#AIIA74 ,A
PRO#M ( GRAPHICS3 ,ECONOMICS &! BL4
.,SOCIAL .,/UDIES1 #HB 7#C71       #HG
#IA-IC4
  .,P5NISI1 .,E4 7#AIIB74 ,TALK+ MAPS4
.,SCI;E .,NEWS1 #ADB 7#BC71 #CIB-CIC4
  .,SA?IAN1 .,K4 7#BJJJ74 ,PRACTICE
MAKES P]FECT3 ,%>P] TACTILE P]CEP;N 9
! BL4 .,NEUROLOGY1 #ED 7#AB71 #BBJC4
  ..,%IMIZU1 ,Y41 ,MASAMI1 ,S41 &
,NAGAOKA1 .,H4 7#BJJJ74 ,RECOGNI;N (
TACTILE PATT]NS 9 A GRAPHIC 4PLAY3
,EVALU,N ( PRES5T+ MODES4 ..,J\RNAL (
,VISUAL ,IMPAIR;T & .,BL;S1 #ID 7#G71
#DEF-DFA4
  ..,UNG]1 ,S41 ,BLADES1 ,M4 & ,SP;ER1
.,C4 7#AIIG74 ,T1*+ VISU,Y IMPAIR$ *N
6MAKE 4T.E JUDG;TS F A TACTILE MAP4
..,J\RNAL ( ,VISUAL ,IMPAIR;T &
.,BL;S1 #IA 7#B71 #AFC-AGD4
  ..,VAN ,BOV51 ,R4 ,W41 & ET .AL4
7#BJJJ74 ,TACTILE SPATIAL RESOLU;N 9
BL BRL R1D]S4 ..,AM]ICAN ,J\RNAL (
.,OPH?ALMOLOGY1 #ACJ 7#D71 #EDB4
  .,V]NEY1 .,G4 .,J4 7#AIFI74
,OBS]V,NS ON RAIS$-L9E DRAW+S4
..,$UC,N (! ,VISU,Y .,H&ICAPP$1 #A1
#DG-EB4
  ..,WI$EL1 ,J41 & ,GROVES1 .,P4
7#AIFI74 ..,TACTUAL MAPP+3 ,DESIGN1
REPRODUC;N1 R1D+ & 9T]PRET,N4 ,F9AL
.,REPORT4 ,COLLEGE ,P>K1 ,M>YL&3
,UNIV]S;Y ( ,M>YL&4

               ,,! ,,5D